Tribute in Light
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The Tribute in Light is an art installation created in remembrance of the September 11 attacks.<ref name=godark>Template:Cite news</ref> It consists of 88 vertical searchlights arranged in two columns of light to represent the Twin Towers. It stands six blocks south of the World Trade Center on top of the Battery Parking Garage<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in New York City. Tribute in Light began as a temporary commemoration of the attacks in early 2002, but it became an annual event, currently produced on September 11 by the Municipal Art Society of New York.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="auto">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Tribute in Light was conceived by artists John Bennett, Gustavo Bonevardi, Richard Nash Gould, Julian LaVerdiere, and Paul Myoda, and lighting consultant Paul Marantz.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Tribute's illumination begins at dusk and ends at dawn, with the lights being turned off for 20-minute periods to allow migratory birds to escape as needed. On clear nights, the lights can be seen from Template:Convert away,<ref name="perceive">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> visible in all of New York City and most of suburban Northern New Jersey and Long Island. The lights can also be seen in Fairfield County, Connecticut, as well as Westchester, Orange, and Rockland counties in New York.
The 88 xenon spotlights (44 for each tower) each consume 7,000 watts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:As of, the annual cost for the entire project was about $500,000.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref>
A similar Tribute in Light has also appeared on occasion at the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and at the crash site of United 93 in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, which were also targeted during the 9/11 attacks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
BackgroundEdit
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After the September 11 attacks, several people independently conceived the idea of using lights for remembrance. These efforts were merged under the umbrella of the Municipal Art Society and Creative Time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tribute in Light began construction on March 11, 2002, and initially ran as a temporary installation from March 11 to April 14, 2002, and it ran again on September 11, 2003, to mark the second anniversary of the attack.<ref name="auto"/> Since then, it has been repeated every year on September 11. It was announced that 2008 would be its final year,<ref name="godark" /> but the tribute was continued in 2009.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On December 17, 2009, it was confirmed that the tribute would continue through the tenth anniversary of the attacks in 2011.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2012, plans were underway for the National September 11 Memorial & Museum to assume the lease for the MTA property used during this tribute, and to begin transitioning operation of the tribute from the Municipal Art Society to the memorial foundation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The lights are produced by an American company named Space Cannon,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which sends a team every year to help with the installation.<ref name=":1" /> A Las Vegas-based company, Light America, was also part of the team who implemented the project.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Each year, about 30 technicians, electricians, and stagehands work for about ten days to install the lights. During a testing phase of several days, observers in Brooklyn, Staten Island, New Jersey, and uptown Manhattan help make sure that the beams are adjusted accurately.<ref name=":1" />
The project was originally going to be named Towers of Light, but the victims' families felt that the name emphasized the buildings destroyed instead of the people killed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
A permanent fixture of the Tribute in Light was at one point intended to be installed on the roof of One World Trade Center,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but it was not included in the finished design.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Since 2008, the generators that power Tribute in Light have been fueled with biodiesel made from used cooking oil collected from local restaurants.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Effects on birdsEdit
The light pollution from Tribute in Light has caused confusion for over a million migrating birds, trapping them in the beams.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> Even at an altitude of several miles, birds can be affected by the lights.<ref name="perceive"/> As a result of this effect, the beams are switched off for 20-minute periods to allow the birds to escape.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> To ensure the lights do not affect migrating birds, the Municipal Art Society works with the NYC Bird Alliance on the illumination.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A 2017 study found that the installation "dramatically altered multiple behaviors of nocturnally migrating birds—but these effects disappeared when lights were extinguished".<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In popular cultureEdit
Tribute in Light was featured in Boyz II Men's music video for "Color of Love". It made a notable appearance during the opening credits of Spike Lee's 2002 film 25th Hour. The tribute was also shown and referenced in the CBS series Blue Bloods. These lights were featured in the music video of U2's "You're the Best Thing About Me".
The video game adaptation of the film Spider-Man 2 features the lights at the approximate location of the WTC site, while another video game adaptation of the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2, the lights are seen on the construction site of One World Trade Center at night.Template:Citation needed
See alsoEdit
- Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks
- Other beams
- 20th Century Fox logo (designed Template:Circa) famous non-military use of searchlights.
- Cathedral of light, a 1937 Nazi propaganda display with massed searchlights pointing skyward.
- spectra, an installation series of light and sound artworks featuring searchlights
- A Symphony of Lights, a contemporary light display in Hong Kong
- Luxor Hotel and Casino skybeam since the mid-1990s, the world's brightest searchlight-style display.
- Dale Eldred, Steeple of Light, Community Christian Church, Kansas City, MO. Completed in 1994.
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