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Trimeresurus

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Trimeresurus is a genus of pit vipers native to Asia. They are found from the Indian Subcontinent throughout Southeast Asia, China, and the Pacific Islands. The genus currently contains 44 recognized species.<ref name="ITIS">{{#if:209553 | {{#invoke:template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon 

 | url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=209553
 | title = Trimeresurus 
 | publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System
 }}

| Template:Citation error }}</ref> Common names include Asian palm pit vipers,<ref name="Meh87">Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. Template:ISBN.</ref> Asian lanceheads, and green pit vipers.<ref name="USN91">United States Navy (1991). Poisonous Snakes of the World. New York: U.S. Government / Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. Template:ISBN.</ref>

DescriptionEdit

Most species in the genus Trimeresurus are relatively small, primarily arboreal species, with thin bodies and prehensile tails. Most Trimeresurus species are typically green in color, but some species also have yellow, black, orange, red, or gold markings.

FeedingEdit

The diet of Trimeresurus species includes a variety of animals, including lizards, amphibians, birds, rodents, and other small mammals.

ReproductionEdit

Like most viper species, many of the species in the genus Trimeresurus are ovoviviparous, bearing live young. However, some species such as T. flavoviridis, T. kaulbacki, and T. macrolepis are oviparous, laying eggs. Also, the reproductive biology of some Trimeresurus species is as yet unknown.

VenomEdit

Trimeresurus venom varies in toxicity between species, but all are primarily hemotoxic and considered to be medically significant to humans.

Geographic rangeEdit

Species in the genus Trimeresurus are found in Southeast Asia from India (including regions of the North Chotanagpur division of Jharkhand) to Southern China and Japan, and the Malay Archipelago to Timor.<ref name="McD99"/>

SpeciesEdit

Image Species<ref name="ITIS"/> Taxon author<ref name="ITIS"/> Subsp.*<ref name="ITIS"/> Common name<ref name="Gum04">Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S (2004). Asian Pitvipers. First Edition. Berlin: GeitjeBooks. 368 pp. Template:ISBN.</ref> Geographic range<ref name="McD99"/>
File:Trimeresurus albolabris, White-lipped pit viper (female) - Kaeng Krachan National Park (27493423545).jpg T. albolabris Gray, 1842 0 white-lipped pit viper India (Assam), Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Southern China (Fujian, Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong), Hong Kong, West Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Madoera, Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Sumba, Roti, Timor, Kisar, Wetar).
File:Andaman Pit Viper Trimeresurus andersoni by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN1506 01.jpg T. andersonii Theobald, 1868 0 Anderson's pit viper, Andaman pit viper Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands.
T. arunachalensis Captain, Deepak, Pandit, Bhatt & Athreya, 2019 0 Arunachal pit viper India: Arunachal Pradesh
T. calamitas Vogel, David & Sidik, 2022 0 Indonesia (Nias Island).
T. cantori Blyth, 1846 0 Cantor's pit viper India: Nicobar Islands, and possibly the Andaman Islands.
File:Trimeresurus cardamomensis in Khao Wong National Park.jpg T. cardamomensis Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & B. Stuart, 2011 0 Cardamom Mountains green pit viper Eastern Thailand, Koh Kong Province in Cambodia.
T. caudornatus Chen, Ding, Vogel & S. Shi, 2020 0 ornamental-tailed pit viper China (Yunnan).
T. davidi Chandramouli, P. Campbell & Vogel, 2020.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> 0 Car Nicobar, India.
File:Trimeresurus erythrurus crotale bambous 41.jpg T. erythrurus Cantor, 1839 0 red-tailed bamboo pit viper India (Assam and Sikkim), Bangladesh and Myanmar.
T. fasciatus Boulenger, 1896 0 banded pit viper Indonesia: Djampea Island.
File:Trimeresurus flavomaculatus (KU 330049) from mid-elevation, Mt. Cagua - ZooKeys-266-001-g098.jpg T. flavomaculatus Gray, 1842 2 Philippine pit viper Philippine Islands: Agutayan, Batan, Camiguin, Catanduanes, Dinagat, Jolo, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros and Polillo.
File:Trimeresurus gracilis.png T. gracilis Ōshima, 1920 0 Kikushi habu Central Taiwan.
File:Trimeresurus gumprechti, Gumprecht’s pit viper (female) - Phu Suan Sai National Park (46711073485).jpg T. gumprechti David, Vogel, Pauwels & Vidal, 2002 0 Gumprecht's green pit viper China (Yunnan), Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.
T. gunaleni Vogel, David & Sidik, 2014 0 Gunalen's pit viper Sumatra.
File:Trimeresurus guoi 243570008.jpg T. guoi Chen, S. Shi, Vogel & Ding, 2020 0 Guo's green pit viper China, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar.
File:Trimeresurus hageni, Hagen's pit viper (male) - Bang Lang National Park (50217234436).jpg T. hageni Lidth de Jeude, 1886 0 Hagen's pit viper Peninsular Thailand, West Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia (Sumatra and the nearby islands of Bangka, Simalur, Nias, Batu and the Mentawai Islands.
T. honsonensis L. Grismer, Ngo & J. Grismer, 2008 0 Hon Son pit viper Southern Vietnam.
File:Trimeresurus insularis.jpg T. insularis Kramer, 1977 0 Sunda Island pit viper, white-lipped island pit viper Indonesia, Timor-Leste
File:Gfp-kanburi-pit-viper.jpg T. kanburiensis M.A. Smith, 1943 0 Kanburi pit viper Thailand.
T. kirscheyi Vogel, David & Sidik, 2022 0 Simeulue pit viper Indonesia (Simeulue Island).
File:Trimeresurus kuiburi, Kui Buri Pit Viper (51190570737).jpg T. kuiburi Sumontha, Suntrarachun, Pauwels, Pawangkhanant, Chomngam, Iamwiriyakul & Chanhome, 2021 0 Kui Buri pit viper Thailand.
T. labialis Steindachner, 1867 0 Nicobar bamboo pit viper India: Nicobar Islands.
File:Trimeresurus macrops, Large-eyed pit viper.jpg T. macrops Kramer, 1977 0 large-eyed pit viper Thailand, Cambodia and southern Vietnam.
File:Trimeresurus malcolmi Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia.jpg T. malcolmi Loveridge, 1938 0 Malcolm's pit viper Borneo.
File:Trimeresurus mayaae.png T. mayaae Rathee, Purkayastha, Lalremsanga, Dalal, Biakzuala, Muansanga & Mirza, 2022<ref>Rathee YS, Purkayastha J, Lalremsanga HT, Dalal S, Biakzuala L, Muansanga L, Mirza ZA (2022). A new cryptic species of green pit viper of the genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Serpentes, Viperidae) from northeast India. PLoS ONE 17(5): e0268402. {{#invoke:doi|main}}</ref> 0 Maya's pit viper India: Meghalaya (Ri Bhoi), Mizoram (Champhai), Assam (Guwahati)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
File:Trimeresurus mcgregori.jpg T. mcgregori Taylor, 1919 0 McGregor's pit viper, McGregor's tree viper, Philippine pit viper Batan Island, Philippines.
File:Reptile Medo Pit Viper Viridovipera medoensis IMG 4231 08.jpg T. medoensis Zhao, 1977 0 Motuo bamboo pit viper Northern India, northern Myanmar, and China (southeastern Xizang).
T. mutabilis Stoliczka, 1870 0 Central Nicobar pit viper, Central Nicobar bamboo pit viper Central Nicobar Island.
File:Trimeresurus nebularis au parc de Bako (Malaisie).jpg T. nebularis Vogel, David & Pauwels, 2004 0 Cameron Highlands pit viper, clouded pit viper West Malaysia (Cameron Highlands), Thailand.
T. phuketensis Sumontha, Kunya, Pauwels, Nitikul & Punnadee, 2011 <ref>Sumontha M, Kunya K, Pauwels OSG, Nitikul A, Punnadee S (2011). "Trimeresurus (Popeia) phuketensis, a New Pitviper (Squamata: Viperidae) from Phuket Island, Southwestern Thailand". Russian Journal of Herpetology 18 (3): 11–17.</ref> 0 Phuket pit viper Thailand: Phuket Island.
File:Trimeresurus popeiorum, Pope's pit viper - Doi Phu Kha National Park (46846412805).jpg T. popeiorum M.A. Smith, 1937 2 Popes' pit viper Northern India, Myanmar, Thailand, West Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia (Sumatra, the Mentawai Islands of Siberut, Sipora, and North Pagai, and on the island of Borneo).
File:Mangrove Pit Viper.jpg T. purpureomaculatus Gray, 1832 0 mangrove pit viper Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, West Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia (Sumatra).
File:Trimeresurus rubeus juvenile CTNP RPB.jpg T. rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & L. Stuart, 2011) 0 ruby-eyed green pitviper southern Vietnam and eastern Cambodia
File:Trimeresurus sabahi fucatus, Banded pit viper (female) - Khao Sok National Park (29008775554).jpg T. sabahi Regenass & Kramer, 1981 0 Sabah bamboo pit viper, Sabah pit viper Sabah, Sarawak
File:Trimeresurus salazar (10.3897-zse.96.48431) Figure 7.jpg T. salazar Mirza, Bhosale, Phansalkar, Sawant, Gowande & Patel (2020) 0 Salazar's pit viper<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> India: western lowlands of Arunachal Pradesh
File:Trimeresurus schultzei.jpg T. schultzei Griffin, 1909 0 Schultze's pit viper Philippines: Palawan and Balabac.
File:Trimeresurus septentrionalis wiki.jpg T. septentrionalis Kramer, 1977 0 Nepal pit viper, Himalayan white-lipped pit viper Bangladesh, India, Nepal
T. sichuanensis Guo & Wang, 2011 0 Sichuan pit viper Sichuan, China
File:Trimeresurus stejnegeri.jpg T. stejnegeri Schmidt, 1925 2 Stejneger's pit viper India (Assam), and Nepal through Myanmar and Thailand to China (Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Zhejiang, Yunnan) and Taiwan.
File:Sumatran Pit Viper (Trimeresurus sumatranus) (8741684078).jpg T. sumatranusT Raffles, 1822 0 Sumatran pit viper Southern Thailand, West and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak on Borneo) and Indonesia (Bangka, Billiton, Borneo, Sumatra and the nearby islands of Simalur, Nias, and possibly the Mentawai Islands [Sipora]).
T. tibetanus Huang, 1982 0 Tibetan bamboo pit viper China: Xiang (Tibet) Autonomous Region.
File:Trimeresurus truongsonensis.jpg T. truongsonensis Orlov, Ryabov, Thanh & Cuc, 2004 0 Quang Binh pit viper Central Vietnam
File:Trimeresurus venustus.jpg T. venustus Vogel, 1991 0 beautiful pit viper, brown-spotted pit viper Southern Thailand
File:Vogel's Pit Viper, Trimeresurus vogeli.jpg T. vogeli David, Vidal & Pauwels, 2001 0 Vogel's pit viper Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.
T. whitteni Vogel, David & Sidik, 2022 0 Siberut pit viper Indonesia (Siberut Island).
T. yingjiangensis Chen, Ding, J. Shi & Zhang, 2019 0 Southwest China
T. yunnanensis Schmidt, 1925 0 Yunnan bamboo pit viper Southern China
T. ciliaris Idiiatullina, Pawangkhanant, Tawan, Worranuch, Dechochai, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Chanhome & Poyarkov, 2023 0 limestone eyelash pit viper Thailand

*) Not including the nominate subspecies.
T) Type species.<ref name="McD99"/>

TaxonomyEdit

Additional species that may be recognized by other sources include:<ref name=RDB/>

The genus Trimeresurus (sensu lato) has been the subject of considerable taxonomic work since 2000, resulting in the recognition of additional genera within this complex. Most authors now recognise the genus Protobothrops for the species cornutus, flavoviridis, jerdonii, kaulbacki, mucrosquamatus, tokarensis, xiangchengensis,<ref>Kraus F, Mink DG, Brown WM (1996). "Crotaline intergeneric relationships based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data". Copeia 1996: 763–773.</ref><ref name="MT2004">Malhotra A, Thorpe RS (2004). "A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers (Trimeresurus and Ovophis)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 83–100.</ref><ref name="Castoe">Castoe TA, Parkinson CL (2006). "Bayesian mixed models and the phylogeny of pitvipers (Viperidae: Serpentes)". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 39: 91–110.</ref> since these have been shown not to be closely related to other Trimeresurus in recent phylogenetic analyses.

In addition, Malhotra and Thorpe (2004)<ref name="MT2004"/> proposed a radical shake up of the entire genus, splitting Trimeresurus into seven genera. Their proposed arrangement (including species described since 2004) is shown in the table below:

Genus Species included
Trimeresurus andalasensis, borneensis, brongersmai, gramineus, malabaricus, puniceus, salazar, strigatus, trigonocephalus, wiroti
Cryptelytrops albolabris, andersonii, cantori, erythrurus, fasciatus, honsonensis (Hon Son Pit Viper), insularis, kanburiensis, labialis, macrops, purpureomaculatus, rubeus, septentrionalis, venustus
Himalayophis tibetanus
Parias flavomaculatus, hageni, malcolmi, mcgregori, schultzei, sumatranus
Peltopelor macrolepis
Popeia barati, buniana, fucata, nebularis, popeiorum, sabahi
Viridovipera gumprechti, medoensis, stejnegeri, truongsonensis, vogeli, yunnanensis

This new arrangement has been followed by many,<ref name="Castoe"/><ref>Grismer LL, Grismer JL, McGuire JA (2006). "A new species of pitviper of the genus Popeia (Squamata: Viperidae) from Pulau Tioman, Pahang, West Malaysia". Zootaxa 1305: 1–19.</ref> but not all<ref name=RDB/><ref>Vogel G (2006). Venomous Snakes of Asia / Giftschlangen Asiens. Frankfurt am Main: Terralog, Edition Chimaira.</ref> subsequent authors.

David et al. (2011) considered some of the genera of Malhotra & Thorpe to be subgenera of the genus Trimeresurus, creating new combinations such as "Trimeresurus (Parias) flavomaculatus", "Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum", "Trimeresurus (Viridovipera) stejnegeri", etc.<ref>David, Patrick; Vogel, Gernot; Dubois, Alain (2011). "On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae)". Zootaxa 2992: 1–51.</ref>

GalleryEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

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