Tundra vole

The tundra vole (Alexandromys oeconomus) or root vole is a medium-sized vole found in Northern and Central Europe, Asia, and northwestern North America, including Alaska and northwestern Canada.<ref name=asm>Template:BioRef</ref> In the western part of the Netherlands, the tundra vole is a relict from the ice age and has developed into the subspecies Alexandromys oeconomus arenicola.

Description

The tundra vole has short ears and a short tail. Its fur is yellowish brown with paler sides and white underparts. It is typically about Template:Convert long with a Template:Convert tail and a weight of about Template:Convert.

The tundra vole displays sexual dimorphism, with males being larger than the females observably as adults.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Habitat

The tundra vole is found in damp tundra or moist meadows, usually near water.Template:Cn

Behaviour and diet

This species makes runways through the surface growth in warm weather and tunnels through the snow in winter. It feeds on grasses, sedges and seeds. It is active year-round. It also digs burrows where it stores seeds and roots, especially licorice root, for the winter.Template:Cn

Breeding

Female voles have three to six litters of three to nine young in a shallow burrow. The tundra vole has its highest fecundity during May and June, but can prolong its mating season all the way until winter.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Subspecies

Subspecies are as follows:<ref name=ZoogdierDec2009>Witte van den Bosch, R. and Bekker, D. (2009). Verdwijnt de oer-Hollandse lemming? Geschiedenis en toekomst van de noordse woelmuis. Zoogdier 20-4: p.p 3-7. (in Dutch)</ref>

• A. o. amakensis - Amak Island tundra vole - Alaska, United States
• A. o. arenicola - Dutch tundra vole - Netherlands
• A. o. elymocetes - Montague Island tundra vole - Alaska, United States
• A. o. finmarchicus - Norwegian tundra vole - Norway
• A. o. innuitus - St. Lawrence Island tundra vole - Alaska, United States
• A. o. medius - Norwegian tundra vole - Norway
• A. o. mehelyi - Central European tundra vole - Austria, Hungary and Slovakia
• A. o. oeconomus - nominate subspecies - widespread
• A. o. popofensis - Shumagin Islands tundra vole - Alaska, United States
• A. o. punakensis - Punuk Islands tundra vole - Alaska, United States
• A. o. sitkensis - Alexander Archipelago tundra vole - Alaska, United States
• A. o. unalascensis - Unalaska Island tundra vole - Alaska, United States

Genetic variability

The large number of subspecies of Alexandromys oeconomus is due to the changing environment that they have had to endure since the glacier/ice-age, as well as the isolation of populations.<ref name=Kelemen-2021>Template:Cite journal</ref> Human interaction also greatly affects the environment of this species.<ref name=Prakas-2024>Template:Cite journal</ref> As a result, voles have lost genetic diversity as seen through a lessened heterozygous population for certain genes within separated populations.<ref name=Kelemen-2021/> Roads and structures do not necessarily limit species interaction, but it is the distances created between other communities of voles that limit gene flow.<ref name=Prakas-2024/>