Turkish lira

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The lira (Template:Langx; sign: ₺; ISO 4217 code: TRY;<ref name="International Organization for Standardization">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> abbreviation: TL) is the official currency of Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. One lira is divided into one hundred kuruş.

The current lira is the Second Turkish lira, having succeeded the first Turkish lira in 2005 which in turn succeeded the Ottoman lira in 1923. Since 2018 the Turkish lira has been in crisis, having plummeted in value following Turkish president Erdogan's economic and political policies.

HistoryEdit

Ottoman lira (1844–1923)Edit

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The lira, along with the related currencies of Europe and the Middle East, has its roots in the ancient Roman unit of weight known as the libra which referred to the Troy pound of silver. The Roman libra adoption of the currency spread it throughout Europe and the Near East, where it continued to be used into medieval times. The Turkish lira, the French livre (until 1794), the Italian lira (until 2002), Lebanese pound and the pound unit of account in sterling (a translation of the Latin libra; the word "pound" as a unit of weight is still abbreviated as "lb.") are the modern descendants of the ancient currency.

The lira was introduced as the main unit of account in 1844, with the former currency, kuruş, remaining as a Template:Frac subdivision. The Ottoman lira remained in circulation until the end of 1927.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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First Turkish lira (1923–2005)Edit

File:E1 1 TL arka yüz.jpg

Both Livre Turque Template:In lang and تورك لیراسی Template:In lang phrases used on first-issue banknotes.

The banknotes of the first and second issue depict Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on the obverse side. This change was done according to the 12 January 1926 issue of the official gazette.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After Atatürk's death, his portrait was replaced with one of İsmet İnönü for the third and fourth issues. Atatürk returned for the fifth issue and all subsequent issues.

After periods of the lira pegged to sterling and the franc, a peg of TL 2.8 = US$1 was adopted in 1946 and maintained until 1960, when the currency was devalued to TL 9 = US$1. From 1970, a series of hard, then soft pegs to the dollar operated as the value of the Turkish lira began to fall.

The following are based on yearly averages:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

1960s: US$1 = TL 9
1970: US$1 = TL 11.30
1975: US$1 = TL 14.40
1980: US$1 = TL 80
1985: US$1 = TL 500
1990: US$1 = TL 2,500
1995: US$1 = TL 43,000
2000: US$1 = TL 620,000
2001: US$1 = TL 1,250,000
2005: US$1 = TL 1,350,000

The Guinness Book of Records ranked the Turkish lira as the world's least valuable currency in 1995 and 1996, and again from 1999 to 2004. The lira's value had fallen so far that one original gold lira coin could be sold for TL 154,400,000 before the 2005 revaluation.

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Second Turkish lira (2005–present)Edit

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File:Euro exchange rate to TRY.svg

The Turkish lira has a history of accelerating loss of value relative to the euro, breaching the mark of ₺5 per euro in early 2018

On 28 January 2004, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey passed a law that allowed for redenomination by the removal of six zeros from the Turkish lira, and the creation of a new currency. It was introduced on 1 January 2005, replacing the previous Turkish lira (which remained valid in circulation until the end of 2005) at a rate of YTL 1 (ISO 4217 code "TRY") = TL 1,000,000 in old lira (ISO 4217 code "TRL"). With the revaluation of the Turkish lira, the Romanian leu (also revalued in July 2005) briefly became the world's least valued currency unit. At the same time, the Government introduced two new banknotes with the denominations of ₺50 and ₺100.

In the transition period between January 2005 and December 2008, the second Turkish lira was officially called Yeni Türk lirası ("New Turkish lira").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The letter "Y" in the currency code was taken from the Turkish word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning new. It was officially abbreviated "YTL" and subdivided into 100 new {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Starting in January 2009, the "new" marking was removed from the second Turkish lira, its official name becoming just "Turkish lira" again, abbreviated "TL". All obverse sides of current banknotes have portraits of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. The reverse sides of all coins (except for ₺1 commemorative coins) have portraits of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Since 2012, 9 different ₺1 circulating commemorative coins were introduced.

2018–present currency crisisEdit

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In 2018, the lira's exchange rate deteriorated rapidly, reaching ₺4.5 per US dollar by mid-May and ₺4.9 a week later. Economists generally attributed the accelerating loss of value to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan preventing the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey from making necessary interest rate adjustments.<ref name="wapo">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Erdoğan, who claimed interest rates beyond his control to be "the mother and father of all evil", stated that "the central bank can't take this independence and set aside the signals given by the president."<ref name="wapo" /> Despite Erdoğan's apparent opposition, Turkey's Central Bank raised interest rates sharply.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

As of 2020, the Turkish lira lowered in value, with the currency going through a process of depreciation, consistently reaching all-time lows. The Turkish lira deflated by over 400% compared to the US dollar and the euro since 2008, largely due to Erdoğan's expansionist foreign policy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Erdoğan has tried to fix the financial crisis with unorthodox banking methods.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Turkish lira partially recovered in early 2021 with the government's increase in interest rates. However, the currency began to crash due to inflation and depreciation starting on 21 March 2021, after the sacking of Central Bank chief Naci Ağbal. The Turkish lira reached a then-all-time-low of ₺8.8 to the dollar on 4 June.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Turkish lira became one of the quickest collapsing currencies of 2021.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Turkish lira reached a new low of ₺8.9 to the dollar in September 2021.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In late 2021, the Turkish lira began collapsing rapidly, with the exchange rate falling 9% against the US dollar, reaching an all-time low of ₺12.5 to the dollar.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Turkish lira continued to collapse in December, with the inflation rate reaching unseen levels, collapsing to ₺14.5 to the US Dollar, losing nearly all of its original value.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 17 December, the lira fell by 8.5%, raising the exchange rate to ₺16.5 to the US dollar. Despite the currency collapse, Erdoğan lowered interest rates down to 14% from 15%, causing the lira to lose half of its value since the start of 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news Template:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Turkish Lira continued to decline throughout 2022. The central bank governor Şahap Kavcıoğlu lowered interest rates by 150 basis points, from 12% to 10.5%, down from the 2021 low of 15%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The official inflation rate of the Lira through 2022 reached 83%, but independent reviews of the Turkish lira put the inflation rate even higher.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2023, Erdoğan began to follow orthodox banking methods. Under the guidance of Mehmet Şimşek and Hafize Gaye Erkan, the central bank began to rapidly increase interest rates. By the end of the year, the interest rate stood at 42.5%,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the annual inflation rate decreased to 53.86%, down from 83% in 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The central bank increased the interest rate to 50% in March 2024 under Fatih Karahan, the new governor, and has kept it as such as for eight consecutive months.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This has resulted in the lira gaining value since May, when inflation peaked at 75.45%, but has decreased to 47.09% in November.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Many investors have regained trust in the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following the arrest of the mayor of Istanbul, Ekrem Imamoglu, in March 2025, Marketwatch reported that the Turkish lira reached a record low.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CoinsEdit

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From 1 January 2009, the prefix "new" was removed from the second Turkish lira, its official name in Turkey becoming "Turkish lira" again;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> new coins without the word "yeni" were introduced in denominations of 1kr., 5kr., 10kr., 25kr., 50kr. and ₺1. Also, the center and ring alloys of the 50kr. and ₺1 coins were reversed.

Current Turkish lira coins [1]
Image		Value (kuruş)	Technical parameters				Description				Date of
Obverse	Reverse	Value (kuruş)	Diameter (mm)	Thickness (mm)	Mass (g)	Composition	Edge	Obverse		Reverse	first minting	issue
File:1kr obverse.png	File:1kr reverse.png	1kr.	16.5	1.35	2.2	70% Cu, 30% Zn	Plain	Value, Crescent-star, year of minting	Snowdrop	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk	2008	1 January 2009
File:5kr obverse.png	File:5kr reverse.png	5kr.	17.5	1.65	2.9	65% Cu, 18% Ni, 17% Zn			Tree of life
File:10kr obverse.png	File:10kr reverse.png	10kr.	18.5		3.15				Rumi motif
File:25kr obverse.png	File:25kr reverse.png	25kr.	20.5		4		Reeded		Kufic calligraphic
File:50kr obverse.png	File:50kr reverse.png	50kr.	23.85	1.9	6.8	Ring: 65% Cu, 18% Ni, 17% Zn Center: 79% Cu, 17% Zn, 4% Ni	Large reeded		Bosphorus Bridge and Istanbul silhouette
File:1TL obverse.png	File:1TL reverse.png	₺1	26.15		8.2	Ring: 79% Cu, 17% Zn, 4% Ni Center: 65% Cu, 18% Ni, 17% Zn	inscribed, T.C. letters and tulip figure		Rumi motif
File:5 TL 2023 ön.png	File:5 TL 2023 arka.png	₺5	28.15		8.25	Ring: 64% Cu, 32% Zn, 4% Ni Center: 64% Cu, 27% Ni, 9% Zn	Large reeded		Seljuk star, Türkiye Centenary logo		2023	29 October 2023
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Circulating commemorative coinsEdit

Since 2012, the Turkish State Mint has introduced nine commemorative coins in circulation.

1TL Sayıştay 150th reverse.png

150th anniversary of Court of Accounts (2012)
1TL Turkish Olympics reverse.png

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1TL July 15 reverse.png

Commemorative coin for martyrs and veterans of July 15th (2016)
1TL Hagia Sophia reverse.png

Commemoration of Hagia Sophia's reversion to mosque (2020)
Gaziantep hatıra parası.png

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2018: Commemoration of inauguration ceremony of the President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
2020: 100th anniversary of Grand National Assembly of Turkey
2022: Commemoration of the opening ceremony of 1915 Çanakkale Bridge
2022: 100th anniversary of the Great Offensive
2023: 100th years of the republic (5 lira)

BanknotesEdit

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A new series of banknotes, the "E-9 Emission Group" entered circulation on 1 January 2009, with the E-8 group ceasing to be valid after 31 December 2009 (although still redeemable at branches of the Central Bank until 31 December 2019). The E-9 banknotes refer to the currency as "Turkish lira" rather than "new Turkish lira" and include a new ₺200 denomination.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The new banknotes have different sizes to prevent forgery.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The main specificity of this new series is that each denomination depicts a famous Turkish personality, rather than geographical sites and architectural features of Turkey.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The dominant color of the 5-Turkish-lira banknote has been determined as "purple" on the second series of the current banknotes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Current Turkish lira banknotes 9. Emission Group
Image		Value (₺)	Dimensions (mm)	Main Colour		Description			Date of issue
Obverse	Reverse	Value (₺)	Dimensions (mm)	Main Colour		Obverse	Reverse	Watermark	Date of issue
File:5 Türk Lirası front.jpg	File:5 Türk Lirası reverse.jpg	₺5	130 × 64		Brown	Mustafa Kemal Atatürk	Aydın Sayılı: solar system, atom, left-handed Z-DNA helix.	Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, value	1 January 2009
File:5-II Türk Lirası front.jpg	File:5-II Türk Lirası reverse.jpg	₺5	130 × 64		Purple		Aydın Sayılı: solar system, atom, left-handed Z-DNA helix.		8 April 2013
File:10 Türk Lirası front.jpg	File:10 Türk Lirası reverse.jpg	₺10	136 × 64		Red		Cahit Arf: Arf invariant, arithmetic series, abacus, binary sequence		1 January 2009
File:20 Türk Lirası front.jpg	File:20 Türk Lirası reverse.jpg	₺20	142 × 68		Green		Mimar Kemaleddin: Gazi University main building, aqueduct, circular motif and cube-globe-cylinder symbolizing architecture
File:50 Türk Lirası front.jpg	File:50 Türk Lirası reverse.jpg	₺50	148 × 68		Orange		Fatma Aliye Topuz: flower and literary figures
File:100 Türk Lirası front.jpg	File:100 Türk Lirası reverse.jpg	₺100	154 × 72		Blue		Buhurizade Itri: musical notes, instruments and Mevlevi figure
File:200 Türk Lirası front.jpg	File:200 Türk Lirası reverse.jpg	₺200	160 × 72		Pink		Yunus Emre: Yunus's mausoleum, rose, pigeon and the line "Sevelim, sevilelim" (Let us love, let us be loved)
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Currency signEdit

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The lira was originally symbolised as TL, inverting the characters of the Ottoman lira's sign, LT, which stood for "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" in French. Historically English language sources used "£T"<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or "T£"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> for the currency, but it is unknown whether this notation was ever used within Turkey.

The current currency sign of Turkish lira was created by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey in 2012. The new sign was selected after a country-wide contest.<ref name="SignContest2011">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The new symbol is composed of the letter L shaped like a half anchor, and embedded double-striped letter T angled at 20 degrees.

The design, created by Tülay Lale, was endorsed after a country-wide competition. It was chosen as the winner from a shortlist of seven submissions to the board of the Central Bank, selected from a total of 8,362 entries. The symbol resembles the first letter of the Turkish monetary unit, L, in the form of a half anchor with double stroke.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}, page 6.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="h2">Template:Cite news</ref>

Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced the new symbol on 1 March 2012.<ref>"PM Erdoğan announces symbol for Turkish lira", TodaysZaman.com, 1 March 2012</ref> At its unveiling, Erdoğan explained the design as "the anchor shape hopes to convey that the currency is a 'safe harbour' while the upward-facing lines represent its rising prestige".<ref>"Turkey unveils symbol for national currency" Template:Webarchive, TodaysZaman.com, 1 March 2012</ref>

Faik Öztrak, vice chairman of the main opposition party CHP, alleged that the new sign resembles the initials TE of then-prime minister Tayyip Erdoğan in a reference to the tughra of Ottoman sultans.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The new Turkish lira sign was also criticized for allegedly showing a similarity with an upside-down Armenian dram sign.<ref name="h2"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In May 2012, the Unicode Technical Committee accepted the encoding of a new character Template:Unichar for the currency sign,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which was included in Unicode 6.2 released in September 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On Microsoft Windows operating systems, when using Turkish-Q or Turkish-F keyboard layouts, it can be typed with the combination Template:Keypress.