T–V distinction

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Canadian English {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }}

The T–V distinction is the contextual use of different pronouns that exists in some languages and serves to convey formality or familiarity. Its name comes from the Latin pronouns tu and vos. The distinction takes a number of forms and indicates varying levels of politeness, familiarity, courtesy, age or even insult toward the addressee. The field that studies and describes this phenomenon is sociolinguistics.

Many languages lack this type of distinction, instead relying on other morphological or discourse features to convey formality. English historically contained the distinction, using the pronouns thou and you, but the familiar thou largely disappeared from the era of Early Modern English onward, with the exception of a few dialects. Additionally, British commoners historically spoke to nobility and royalty using the third person rather than the second person, a practice that has fallen out of favour. English speakers today often employ semantic analogues to convey the mentioned attitudes towards the addressee, such as whether to address someone by given name or surname or whether to use sir or madam. Under a broader classification, T and V forms are examples of honorifics.

The T–V distinction is expressed in a variety of forms; two particularly common means are:

addressing a single individual using the second-person plural forms in the language, instead of the singular (e.g. in French);
addressing individuals with another pronoun with its own verb conjugations (e.g. in Spanish).

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Origin and developmentEdit

The terms T and V, based on the Latin pronouns {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, were first used in a paper by the social psychologist Roger Brown and the Shakespearean scholar Albert Gilman.<ref>The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity published in T.A Seboek (ed) (1960). Republished in Giglioli (1972). The page numbers cited below are from Giglioli.</ref> This was a historical and contemporary survey of the uses of pronouns of address, seen as semantic markers of social relationships between individuals. The study considered mainly French, Italian, Spanish and German. The paper was highly influential<ref>Giglioli p. 217</ref> and, with few exceptions, the terms T and V have been used in subsequent studies.

The status of the single second-person pronoun you in English is controversial among linguistic scholars.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> For some, the English you keeps everybody at a distance, although not to the same extent as V pronouns in other languages.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> For others, you is a default neutral pronoun that fulfils the functions of both T and V without being the equivalent of either,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> so an N-V-T framework is needed, where N indicates neutrality.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

History and usage in languageEdit

Template:See also Template:Globalise section In classical Latin, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was originally the singular, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} the plural, with no distinction for honorific or familiar. According to Brown and Gilman, the Roman emperors began to be addressed as vos in the 4th century AD. They mention the possibility that this was because there were two emperors at that time (in Constantinople and in Rome), but also mention that "plurality is a very old and ubiquitous metaphor for power." This usage was extended to other powerful figures, such as Pope Gregory I (590–604). However, Brown and Gilman note that it was only between the 12th and 14th centuries that the norms for the use of T- and V-forms crystallized. Less commonly, the use of the plural may be extended to other grammatical persons, such as the "royal we" (majestic plural) in English.

Brown and Gilman argued that the choice of form is governed by either relationships of "power" or "solidarity", depending on the culture of the speakers, showing that "power" had been the dominant predictor of form in Europe until the 20th century. Thus, it was quite normal for a powerful person to use a T-form but expect a V-form in return. However, in the 20th century the dynamic shifted in favour of solidarity, so that people would use T-forms with those they knew, and V-forms in service encounters, with reciprocal usage being the norm in both cases.

Early history: the power semanticEdit

In the Early Middle Ages (the 5th century to the 10th century), the pronoun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was used to address the most exalted figures, emperors and popes, who would use the pronoun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to address a subject. This use was progressively extended to other states and societies, and down the social hierarchy as a mark of respect to individuals of higher rank, religious authority, greater wealth, or seniority within a family. The development was slow and erratic, but a consistent pattern of use is estimated to have been reached in different European societies by the period 1100 to 1500. Use of V spread to upper-class individuals of equal rank, but not to lower class individuals.<ref>Brown & Gilman pp. 254–255</ref> This may be represented in Brown and Gilman's notation:

Unequal power		Equal power
Emperor	Father	High-class friend	Low-class friend
T↓Template:Spaces↑V	T↓Template:Spaces↑V	↓↑V	T↓↑
Subject	Son	High-class friend	Low-class friend

Modification: the solidarity semanticEdit

Speakers developed greater flexibility of pronoun use by redefining relationships between individuals. Instead of defining the father–son relationship as one of power, it could be seen as a shared family relationship. Brown and Gilman term this the semantics of solidarity. Thus a speaker might have a choice of pronoun, depending on how they perceived the relationship with the person addressed. Thus a speaker with superior power might choose V to express fellow feeling with a subordinate. For example, a restaurant customer might use V to their favourite waiter. Similarly, a subordinate with a friendly relationship of long standing might use T. For example, a child might use T to express affection for their parent.<ref>Brown & Gilman pp. 257–258</ref>

This may be represented as:

Superior has choice			Subordinate has choice
Customer	Officer	Employer	Parent	Elder sibling
T↓VTemplate:Spaces↑V	T↓VTemplate:Spaces↑V	T↓VTemplate:Spaces↑V	T↓Template:SpacesT↑V	T↓Template:SpacesT↑V
Waiter	Soldier	Employee	Child	Younger sibling

These choices were available not only to reflect permanent relationships, but to express momentary changes of attitude. This allowed playwrights such as Racine, Molière, Ben Jonson, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare to express a character's inner changes of mood through outward changes of pronoun.<ref>Brown & Gilman pp. 278–280</ref><ref>Crystal, David & Ben (2002) pp. 450–451. Reproduced at David Crystal's Explore Shakespeare's Works site</ref>

For centuries, it was the more powerful individual who chose to address a subordinate either with T or with V, or to allow the subordinate to choose. For this reason, the pronouns were traditionally defined as the "pronoun of either condescension or intimacy" (T) and "the pronoun of reverence or formality" (V). Brown and Gilman argue that modern usage no longer supports these definitions.<ref>Brown & Gilman p. 258</ref>

Modern historyEdit

Developments from the 19th century have seen the solidarity semantic applied more consistently. It has become less acceptable for a more powerful individual to exercise the choice of pronoun. Officers in most armies are not permitted to address a soldier as T. Most European parents cannot oblige their children to use V. The relationships illustrated above have changed in the direction of the following norms:<ref>Brown & Gilman pp. 269–261</ref>

Superior choice removed			Subordinate choice removed
Customer	Officer	Employer	Parent	Elder sibling
↑↓V	↑↓V	↑↓V	T↑↓	T↑↓
Waiter	Soldier	Employee	Child	Younger sibling

The tendency to promote the solidarity semantic may lead to the abolition of any choice of address pronoun. During the French Revolution, attempts were made to abolish V. In 17th century England, the Society of Friends obliged its members to use only T to everyone, and some continue to use T (thee) to one another.<ref>Brown & Gilman pp. 266–268</ref> In most Modern English dialects, the use of T is archaic and no longer exists outside of poetry or dialect.

Changes in progressEdit

It was reported in 2012 that use of the French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and the Spanish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are in decline in social media.<ref name="bbcnewsmag lawn 2012">Template:Cite news</ref> An explanation offered was that such online communications favour the philosophy of social equality, regardless of usual formal distinctions. Similar tendencies were observed in German, Persian, Chinese, Italian and Estonian.<ref name="bbcnewsmag lawn 2012"/><ref>Põhjala, Priit (12 April 2013). Kas teietada või sinatada?, Eesti Päevaleht.</ref>

History of use in individual languagesEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

EnglishEdit

The Old English and Early Middle English second person pronouns {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (with variants) were used for singular and plural reference respectively with no T–V distinction. The earliest entry in the Oxford English Dictionary for ye as a V pronoun in place of the singular thou exists in a Middle English text of 1225 composed in 1200.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> The usage may have started among the Norman French nobility in imitation of Old French. It made noticeable advances during the second half of the 13th century. During the 16th century, the distinction between the subject form ye and the object form you was largely lost, leaving you as the usual V pronoun (and plural pronoun). After 1600, the use of ye in standard English outside of regional dialects was confined to literary and religious contexts or as a consciously archaic usage.<ref>"Interlude 12 : Choosing thou or you" David Crystal (2004) pp. 307–310</ref>

David Crystal summarises Early Modern English usage thus:

V would normally be used

by people of lower social status to those above them
by the upper classes when talking to each other, even if they were closely related
as a sign of a change (contrasting with thou) in the emotional temperature of an interaction

T would normally be used

by people of higher social status to those below them
by the lower classes when talking to each other
in addressing God or Jesus
in talking to ghosts, witches, and other supernatural beings
in an imaginary address to someone who was absent
as a sign of a change (contrasting with you) in the emotional temperature of an interaction<ref>Crystal (2004) p. 308</ref>

The T–V distinction was still well preserved when Shakespeare began writing at the end of the 16th century. However, other playwrights of the time made less use of T–V contrasts than Shakespeare. The infrequent use of T in popular writing earlier in the century such as the Paston Letters suggest that the distinction was already disappearing from gentle speech. In the first half of the 17th century, thou disappeared from Standard English, although the T–V distinction was preserved in many regional dialects. When the Quakers began using thou again in the middle of the century, many people were still aware of the old T–V distinction and responded with derision and physical violence.Template:Citation needed

In the 19th century, one aspect of the T–V distinction was restored to some English dialects in the form of a pronoun that expressed friendly solidarity, written as y'all. Unlike earlier thou, it was used primarily for plural address, and in some dialects for singular address as well.<ref name="Schneider">Template:Cite book</ref> The pronoun was first observed in the southern states of the US, although its precise origin is obscure. The pronoun spread rapidly throughout the southern states, and (to a lesser extent) other regions of the US and beyond. This pronoun is not universally accepted, and may be regarded as either nonstandard or a regionalism.<ref>"Interlude 17, Tracking a change: the case of y'all" Crystal (2004) pp. 449–452</ref>

Yous(e) (pron. Template:IPAc-en, Template:IPAc-en) as a plural is found mainly in (Northern) England, Scotland, parts of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, northern Nova Scotia and parts of Ontario in Canada and parts of the northeastern United States (especially areas where there was historically Irish or Italian immigration), including in Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and scattered throughout working class communities in the American Rust Belt.

FrenchEdit

In Old French texts, the pronouns {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are often used interchangeably to address an individual, sometimes in the same sentence. However, some emerging pattern of use has been detected by recent scholars.<ref>Summarised in Fagyal et al. (2006) pp. 267–268</ref> Between characters equal in age or rank, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was more common than {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} as a singular address. However, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was sometimes used to put a young man in his place, or to express temporary anger. There may also have been variation between Parisian use and that of other regions.

In the Middle French period, a relatively stable T–V distinction emerged. Vous was the V form used by upper-class speakers to address one another, while {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was the T form used among lower class speakers. Upper-class speakers could choose to use either T or V when addressing an inferior. Inferiors would normally use V to a superior. However, there was much variation; in 1596, Étienne Pasquier observed in his comprehensive survey {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} that the French sometimes used {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to inferiors as well as to superiors "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" ("according to our natural tendencies"). In poetry, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was often used to address kings or to speak to God.<ref>Fagyal et al. p. 268</ref>

GermanEdit

In German, Du is only used as an informal pronoun. It is only addressed to persons that one knows well, like family members and friends. It is also most commonly used among peers as a sign of equality, especially among young people. In formal situations with strangers and acquaintances, Sie is used instead. "Ihr" was also used in formal situations; this was once the abundant usage, but it has completely fallen out of use. In the plural form, "ihr" is used as the "T" pronoun and "Sie" is used as the "V" pronoun; "Ihr" and "Sie" are capitalized when they are used as the "V" pronoun.

Scandinavian languagesEdit

Template:Further A T–V distinction was once widespread in the North Germanic languages but its use began rapidly declining in the second half of the 20th century,<ref name="icelandic">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="BandleBraunmüller2002">Template:Cite book</ref> coinciding with the 1960s youth rebellion.<ref name="BandleBraunmüller2002" /> The V variant has in practice completely disappeared from regular speech in Swedish spoken in SwedenTemplate:Citation needed, Norwegian and Icelandic.<ref name="icelandic" /> In Faroese and Finland Swedish, however, it is still occasionally used.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The use of the V variant in Danish has declined dramatically, but as of 2023 not completely disappeared.<ref name="BandleBraunmüller2002" /> In Danish the T variant is "du" and the V variant is a capitalized "De".<ref name="BandleBraunmüller2002" />

Swedish both had a V-variant of "you" and an even more formal manner of addressing people, which was to address them in the third person ("Could I ask Mr. Johnson to...").<ref name="icelandic" />

Hindi-UrduEdit

Hindi-Urdu (Hindustani) have three levels of formality distinction. The pronoun तू تو (tū) is the informal (intimate) pronoun, तुम تم (tum) is the familiar pronoun and आप آپ (āp) is the formal pronoun. Tū is only used in certain contexts in Urdu, as in normal conversation, the use of tū is considered very rude. The pronoun तू تو (tū) is grammatically singular while the pronouns तुम تم (tum) and आप آپ (āp) are grammatically plural. However, the plural pronouns are more commonly used as singular pronouns and to explicitly mark the plurality, words such as लोग لوگ (log) [people], सब سب (sab) [all], दोनों دونوں (donõ) [both], तीनों تینوں (tīnõ) [all three] etc. are added after the plural pronouns.<ref>First-Year Hindi Course (Part one), H.H. Van Olphen (page 30-32)

https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/46086/First_Year_Hindi_Course-Part_1.pdf?sequence=2</ref>

In the Western Hindi dialects, a fourth level of formality (semi-formal), which is intermediate between आप آپ (āp) and तुम تم (tum), is created when the pronoun आप آپ (āp) is used with the conjugations of तुम تم (tum). However, this form is strictly dialectal and is not used in standard versions of Urdu and Hindi.

Use of namesEdit

The boundaries between formal and informal language differ from language to language, as well as within social groups of the speakers of a given language. In some circumstances, it is not unusual to call other people by first name and the respectful form, or last name and familiar form. For example, German teachers used to use the former construct with upper-secondary students, while Italian teachers typically use the latter (switching to a full V-form with university students). This can lead to constructions denoting an intermediate level of formality in T–V-distinct languages that sound awkward to English-speakers. In Italian, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} can be addressed with the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (familiar) form or the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (formal) one, but complete addresses range from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (peer to peer or family) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (teacher to high-school student, as stated above) to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (live-in servant to master or master's son) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (senior staff member to junior) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (among peers and to seniors).Template:Citation needed

Usage in languageEdit

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Singular, plural and other ways of distinctionEdit

In many languages, the respectful singular pronoun derives from a plural form. Some Romance languages have familiar forms derived from the Latin singular {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and respectful forms derived from Latin plural {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, sometimes via a circuitous route. Sometimes, a singular V-form derives from a third-person pronoun; in German and some Nordic languages, it is the third-person plural. Some languages have separate T and V forms for both singular and plural, others have the same form and others have a T–V distinction only in the singular.

Different languages distinguish pronoun uses in different ways. Even within languages, there are differences between groups (older people and people of higher status tending both to use and to expect more respectful language) and between various aspects of one language. For example, in Dutch, the V form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is slowly falling into disuse in the plural and so one could sometimes address a group as T form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which clearly expresses the plural when one would address each member individually as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which has the disadvantage of being ambiguous. In Latin American Spanish, the opposite change has occurred—having lost the T form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Latin Americans address all groups as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, even if the group is composed of friends whom they would call {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (both T forms).Template:Citation needed In Standard Peninsular Spanish, however, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (literally "you others") is still regularly used in informal conversation. In some cases, the V-form is likely to be capitalized when it is written.

Nominative caseEdit

The following is a table of the nominative case of the singular and plural second person in many languages, including their respectful variants (if any):

Template:Sticky header Template:Sort under

Language	second-person singular familiar	second-person singular respectful	second-person plural familiar	second-person plural respectful
Afrikaans	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang<ref name="heygod">As with many instances in English, the pronoun is capitalized when talking to God, as in prayer.</ref>	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang<ref name="heygod"/>
Albanian	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang
Amharic	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, m) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, f)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) orTemplate:Why Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) orTemplate:Why Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Arabic (Standard)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, m) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, f)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, m) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, f)<ref>These singular respectful variants are rarely used in Modern Standard Arabic except by some speakers</ref>	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, m) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, f)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, m) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, f)
Aragonese	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang (Ansó dialect)	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang (regional) Template:Wikt-lang (regional)	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang (Ansó dialect)
Armenian	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, east) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, west)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, east) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, west)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, east) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, west)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, east) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, west)
Assamese	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}; informal) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}; familiar)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}; informal) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}; familiar)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Azerbaijani (Azeri)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang<ref>Technically a "double plural", sometimes employed for a small group of people.</ref>
Basque	Template:Wikt-lang (intimate) Template:Wikt-lang (standard)	Template:Wikt-lang (standard) Template:Wikt-lang (very respectful)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang
Belarusian	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Bengali	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}; very informal) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}; very informal) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Bodo	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Breton	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang
Bulgarian	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Catalan	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (formal) Template:Wikt-lang (respectful)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (formal) Template:Wikt-lang
Mandarin Chinese (Modern)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})<ref>Only commonly employed in northern dialects like Pekingese, which is from Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}. Wang Li states that Template:Wikt-lang is derived from the fusion of the syllables of Template:Wikt-lang, making its origin analogous to v- pronouns in several European language families in being derived from the second person plural. In support of this hypothesis, the expression Template:Wikt-lang for the formal second person plural is traditionally regarded as wrong, and remains rare in Mainland China (although it is more commonly used in Taiwan).</ref>	s Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} t Template:Wikt-lang	various<ref>Including Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) and Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}). In the past Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) was considered incorrect, but is now used more frequently, especially in Taiwan.</ref>
Czech	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang
Danish	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (increasingly uncommon, very rarely used)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (increasingly uncommon)
Dutch	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang<ref>From obsolete {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} = Template:Wikt-lang + Template:Wikt-lang = "you people"</ref>	Template:Wikt-lang
Early Modern English	Template:Wikt-lang (nom) Template:Wikt-lang (obj)	Template:Wikt-lang<ref name="yeyou">As grammatical case largely disappeared during the transition from Late Middle English to Early Modern English, ye was often replaced with you from the 15th century on.</ref> (nom) Template:Wikt-lang (obj)	Template:Wikt-lang<ref name="yeyou"/> (nom) Template:Wikt-lang (obj)	Template:Wikt-lang<ref name="yeyou"/> (nom) Template:Wikt-lang (obj)
Late Modern English	you	you	you	you
Esperanto	Template:Wikt-lang, Template:Wikt-lang (uncommon)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang
Estonian	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang
Faroese	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang<ref>Only common in official documents.</ref>	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang
Finnish	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang<ref>Necessitates compound verb forms with participle in singular.</ref> (uncommon)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang
French	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang (show deference)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang (show deference)
Frisian (west)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang<ref name="heygod"/>	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang
Scottish Gaelic	Template:Wikt-lang / Template:Wikt-lang (emphatic)	Template:Wikt-lang / Template:Wikt-lang (emphatic)	Template:Wikt-lang / Template:Wikt-lang (emphatic)	Template:Wikt-lang / Template:Wikt-lang (emphatic)
Galician	Template:Wikt-lang (Template:Wikt-lang, eastern dialect)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (Template:Wikt-lang, northeastern dialect)	Template:Wikt-lang
Georgian	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
German	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang<ref name="sie3">Even as a 2nd-person pronoun, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} employs 3rd-person (plural) verb conjugations.</ref> {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} (arch or dial) {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}<ref>employs 3rd-person singular verb conjugations. Derisive.</ref> (arch or dial)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang<ref name="sie3"/> {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} (arch or dial)
Modern Greek	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Gujarati	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Hindi	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) (intimate) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) (familiar)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Hungarian	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (a bit old-fashioned, can be impolite) Template:Wikt-lang (formal and official)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (a bit old-fashioned, can be impolite) Template:Wikt-lang (formal and official)
Icelandic	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (very uncommon)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (very uncommon)
Ido	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang
Indonesian	Template:Wikt-lang (more familiar) Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} (less common)
Interlingua	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang
Italian	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang (arch or dial)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (increasingly uncommon)
Javanese	Template:Jav (Template:Wikt-lang) Template:Jav (Template:Wikt-lang)	Template:Jav (Template:Wikt-lang) Template:Jav (Template:Wikt-lang)	Template:Jav (Template:Wikt-lang)	Template:Jav (Template:Wikt-lang)
Kannada	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Kashmiri	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Kazakh	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Korean	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	– (directly addressing a person); Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})(addressing anonymous readers)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	– (Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Ekoka !Kung	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
Kurmanji (N. Kurdish)	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Sorani (S. Kurdish)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Kyrgyz	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Ladino	טו Template:Wikt-lang	בֿוס Template:Wikt-lang	בֿוזוטרוס Template:Wikt-lang	בֿוזוטרוס Template:Wikt-lang
Latvian	Template:Wikt-lang<ref name=cap>Capitalized in correspondence.</ref>	Template:Wikt-lang<ref name=cap />	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang
Lithuanian	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang
Lombard	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang (m) Template:Wikt-lang (f)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang
Malay	Template:Wikt-lang (standard), Template:Wikt-lang (regional; common spoken short form is Template:Wikt-lang informal), Template:Wikt-lang (northern dialect, but understood and accepted across Peninsular Malaysia), Template:Wikt-lang (impolite in all contexts except in very close relationships, e.g. friends [but not acquaintances])	Template:Wikt-lang (polite/friendly formal; found in formal documents and in all formal contexts, e.g. advertisements. Anda almost never occurs in spoken Malay; instead, most Malaysians would address a respected person by their title and/or name), Template:Wikt-lang (unfriendly formal; also found in formal documents and in all formal contexts, where the intention is to convey a forceful tone in writing—often seen in lawsuits and summonses).	Template:Wikt-lang (polite/friendly formal), Template:Wikt-lang (when pronounced as Template:Wikt-lang [used in very close relationships, equivalent to "you all" in parts of the U.S.] is slang and more informal), Template:Wikt-lang (northern dialect), Template:Wikt-lang (archaic)	Template:Wikt-lang, Template:Wikt-lang (archaic)
Malayalam	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang
Macedonian	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Marathi	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} (formal), Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} (official)	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} (formal), Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} (official)
Mongolian	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Nepali	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) (intimate)Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) (familiar)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) (formal)Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) (very formal)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Norwegian (Bokmål)	Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang (archaic)	Template:Wikt-lang/{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang (archaic)
Norwegian (Nynorsk)	Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang (archaic)	Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang (archaic)
Odia	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
Persian	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
Polish	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (to a woman) Template:Wikt-lang (to a man) (verbs following any of the above addresses are in the 3rd person singular form)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (general) Template:Wikt-lang (to women) Template:Wikt-lang (to men) (verbs following any of the above addresses are in the 3rd person plural form, although in many cases for {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} (general) the 2nd person plural form is also possible).
Portuguese in Portugal, Africa, and Asia-Pacific	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang; {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}/ {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}/ {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}/ {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}; {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
Brazilian Portuguese	Template:Wikt-lang, Template:Wikt-lang		Template:Wikt-lang
Punjabi (Standard)	Template:Unq {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} Template:Unq {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Unq {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} Template:Unq {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
Quenya (Tolkien's High Elvish)	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
Romanian	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (formal) Template:Wikt-lang (less formal, possibly confrontational) Template:Wikt-lang (less formal, possibly confrontational) Template:Wikt-lang, Template:Wikt-lang (regional, possibly confrontational)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (formal) Template:Wikt-lang (archaic)
Russian	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) narrowly reserved intimates (or for insults)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) the unmarked norm the capitalised spelling {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} is used in formal correspondence	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) not capitalised	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) not capitalised
Rusyn	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Sanskrit	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, acc) and Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, dat and gen) also used in poetry/verse	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, addressing a man, root Template:Wikt-lang) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, addressing a woman)	Template:Wikt-lang (dual, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) Template:Wikt-lang (plural, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, dual) and Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, plural) for accusative, dative and genitive also used in poetry)	Template:Wikt-lang (dual, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, addressing men) Template:Wikt-lang (dual, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, addressing women) {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} (plural, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, addressing men) Template:Wikt-lang (plural, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, addressing women)
Scots	lang}}, mostly replaced by {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}, Southern {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}, Shetland {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
Serbo-Croatian	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	lang}}
Slovak	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	lang}}
Slovene	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang (protocolar)	Template:Wikt-lang (dual) Template:Wikt-lang or Template:Wikt-lang (dual – when addressing two women); {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} (plural) Template:Wikt-lang (plural – when addressing only women)	lang}} (dual and plural)
Sorbian (lower)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (dual), Template:Wikt-lang (plural)	lang}}
Sorbian (upper)	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang (dual), Template:Wikt-lang (plural)	lang}}
Somali	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	lang}}
Spanish	Template:Wikt-lang (most common) vos (in parts of the Americas, mainly in the Southern Cone and Central America) {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}: for informal, horizontal communication in Costa Rica and parts of Colombia)	Template:Wikt-lang (most common) Template:Wikt-lang, Template:Wikt-lang and Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang (literary use)	Template:Wikt-lang (the Americas) Template:Wikt-lang masc. and Template:Wikt-lang fem. (Peninsular Spain, Equatorial Guinea, Philippines)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} (literary)
Swedish	Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang (rarely used since the Du-reformen)	Template:Wikt-lang/Template:Wikt-lang	lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} (rarely used)
Tagalog	Template:Wikt-lang Template:Wikt-lang (postpositive only)	Template:Wikt-lang	lang}}	lang}}
Tajik	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) or Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}; the latter is used in spoken Tajik only)
Tamil	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Telugu	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Turkish	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang, Template:Wikt-lang	lang}}	lang}}, Template:Wikt-lang
Ubykh	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
Ukrainian	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) / Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, addressing officials in letters etc.)	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Urdu	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, frozen or intimate or vulgar) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, casual) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, consultative, dialectal)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, intimate or rude) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, casual)	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})
Uyghur	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} or Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Wikt-lang {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
Uzbek	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang	Template:Wikt-lang
Welsh (literary)	Template:Wikt-lang, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Wikt-lang (preferred) or Template:Wikt-lang	lang}} (preferred) or {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	lang}} (preferred) or {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}
Welsh (colloquial)	Template:Wikt-lang, {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}} or Template:Wikt-lang (regional variant, not possible when the subject)	Template:Wikt-lang	lang}}	lang}}
Yiddish	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}) Template:Wikt-lang ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}, regional)	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang\|lang}})

Related verbs, nouns and pronounsEdit

Some languages have a verb to describe the fact of using either a T or a V form. Some also have a related noun or pronoun. The English words are used to refer only to English usage in the past, not to usage in other languages. The analogous distinction may be expressed as "to use first names" or "to be on familiar terms (with someone)".

Related T and V words
Language	T verb	V verb	T noun	V noun
Assamese	তই-তইকৈ মাত (toi-toikoi mat) (very informal), তোমা-তুমিকৈ মাত (tüma-tumikoi mat) (familiar)	আপোনা-আপুনিকৈ মাত (apüna-apunikoi mat)	তই-তই কৰা (toi-toi kora) (very informal), তোমা-তুমি কৰা (tüma-tumi kora) (familiar)	আপোনা-আপুনি কৰা (apüna-apuni kora)
Basque	hika aritu / hika hitz egin (very close)	zuka aritu / zuka hitz egin (neuter / formal) berorika (aritu / hitz egin) (very formal)
Bengali	তুইতোকারি করা (tuitokāri kôrā) (very informal)	আপনি-আজ্ঞে করা (āpni-āgge kôrā)	তুইতোকারি (very informal)
Breton	teal / mont dre te / komz dre te	c'hwial / mont dre c'hwi / komz dre c'hwi
Bulgarian	(говоря / съм) на "ти" (govorya / sam) na "ti"	(говоря / съм) на "Вие" (govorya / sam) na "Vie"	на "ти" na "ti" (more like adverb)	на "Вие" na "Vie" (more like adverb)
Catalan	tutejar / tractar de tu / vós	tractar de vostè	tuteig, tutejament
Chinese	稱(呼)"你" (chēng(hū) nǐ) / 說"你" (shuō nǐ)	稱(呼)"您" (chēng(hū) nín) / 說"您" (shuō nín)
Croatian	tikati	vikati	tikanje	vikanje
Czech	tykat	vykat	tykání	vykání
Danish	at være dus	at være Des
Dutch	tutoyeren; jijen, jouen, jijjouwen (used very rarely)	vousvoyeren	tutoyeren	vousvoyeren
English	to thou (referring to historical usage)	to you (referring to historical usage)	thouing	youing
Esperanto	cidiri	vidiri	cidiro	vidiro
Estonian	sinatama	teietama	sinatamine	teietamine
Faroese	at túa, at siga tú	at siga tygum
Finnish	sinutella	teititellä	sinuttelu	teitittely
French	tutoyer	vouvoyer; very rarely vousoyer / voussoyer	tutoiement	vouvoiement; very rarely vousoiement / voussoiement
Frisian (West)	dookje	jookje	dookjen	jookjen
Galician	tratar de ti / atuar	tratar de vostede	-
German	duzen	siezen	Duzen / Per Du	Siezen / Per Sie
Swiss German	Duzis machen	Siezis machen	Duzis	Siezis
Greek	Μιλώ στον ενικό	Μιλώ στον πληθυντικό		Πληθυντικός ευγενείας
Hindi	तूतड़ाक करना (tūtaɽāk karnā)
Hungarian	tegez	magáz	tegezés	magázás
Icelandic	þúa	þéra	þúun	þérun
Interlingua	tutear	vosear	tuteamento	voseamento
Italian	dare del tu (intransitive) / tuteggiare (transitive, archaic)	dare del Lei / dare del Voi
Indonesian	mengamukan (transitive); berkamu (intransitive); menggunakan kamu	mengandakan (transitive); beranda (intransitive); menggunakan Anda	pengamuan; penggunaan kamu	pengandaan; penggunaan Anda
Korean	말을 놓다 (mareul notta); 반말하다 (banmalhada)	말을 높이다 (mareul nophida); 존댓말하다 (jondaemmalhada);	반말 (banmal)	높임말 (nopphim mal); 존댓말 (jondaemmal)
Lithuanian	tujinti		tujinimas
Norwegian	å være dus	å være dis
Occitan	tutejar	vosejar	tutejament	vosejament
Polish	mówić per ty tykać (humorous)	mówić per pan / pani	mówienie per ty	mówienie per pan / pani
Portuguese	tratar por tu, você; chamar de tu, você	tratar por senhor / senhora / senhorita; chamar de senhor / senhora / senhorita	–	o senhor / a senhora
Romanian	a tutui	a domni	tutuire	plural de politeţe
Russian	lang}} (Template:Transliteration) (colloquial)	lang}} (Template:Transliteration) (colloquial)	lang}} (Template:Transliteration)	lang}} (Template:Transliteration)
Serbian	не персирати (ne persirati), бити на ти (biti na ti), тикати (tikati)	персирати (persirati), бити на ви (biti na vi), викати (vikati)	неперсирање (nepersiranje), тикање (tikanje)	персирање (persiranje), викање (vikanje)
Slovak	tykať	vykať	tykanie	vykanie
Slovene	tikati	vikati	tikanje	vikanje
Upper Sorbian	ty prajić, tykać	wy rěkać / prajić, wykać	tykanje	wykanje
Lower Sorbian	ty groniś, tykaś (se) {lit.}	wy groniś, wykaś {lit.}	ty gronjenje, tykanje	wy gronjenje, wykanje
Spanish	tutear, vosear	ustedear; tratar de usted	tuteo, voseo	ustedeo
Swedish	dua	nia	duande	niande
Turkish	senli benli olmak / konuşmak, sen diye çağırmak	sizli bizli olmak / konuşmak, siz diye çağırmak	senli benli	sizli bizli
Ukrainian	тикати (tykaty), звертатися на "ти" (zvertatysia na "ty")	викати (vykaty), звертатися на "ви" (zvertatysia na "vy")	тикання (tykannia), звертання на ти (zvertannia na ty)	викання (vykannia), звертання на ви (zvertannia na vy)
Urdu	تو تکار کرنا (tu tukaar karna)		تو تکار (tu tukaar)
Welsh	tydïo	galw chi ar X	tydïo	galw chi ar X
Yiddish	דוצן (dutsn) זײַן אױף דו (zayn af du) זײַן פּער דו (zayn per du)	אירצן (irtsn) זײַן אױף איר (zayn af ir)	דוצן (dutsn) אַריבערגיין אױף דו (aribergeyn af du)	אירצן (irtsn)