Template:Use mdy dates Template:Short description Template:Use American English {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for clobbered parameters|check|nested=1|template=Infobox company|cat=Template:Main other|name; company_name|logo; company_logo|logo_alt; alt|trade_name; trading_name|former_names; former_name|type; company_type|predecessors; predecessor|successors; successor|foundation; founded|founders; founder|defunct; dissolved|hq_location; location|hq_location_city; location_city|hq_location_country; location_country|num_locations; locations|areas_served; area_served|net_income; profit|net_income_year; profit_year|owners; owner |homepage; website }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox company with unknown parameter "_VALUE_" | ignoreblank=y | alt | area_served | areas_served | assets | assets_year | aum | brands | company_logo | company_name | company_type | defunct | dissolved | divisions | embed | equity | equity_year | fate | footnotes | former_name | former_names | foundation | founded | founder | founders | genre | homepage | hq_location | hq_location_city | hq_location_country | incorporated | image | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | income_year | industry | ISIN | key_people | location | location_city | location_country | locations | logo | logo_alt | logo_caption | logo_class | logo_size | logo_upright | members | members_year | module | name | native_name | native_name_lang | net_income | net_income_year | num_employees | num_employees_year | num_locations | num_locations_year | operating_income | owner | owners | parent | predecessor | predecessors | production | production_year | products | profit | profit_year | rating | ratio | revenue | revenue_year | romanized_name | services | subsid | successor | successors | traded_as | trade_name | trading_name | type | website| qid | fetchwikidata | suppressfields | noicon | nocat | demo | categories }} Unix System Laboratories (USL), sometimes written UNIX System Laboratories to follow relevant trademark guidelines of the time, was an American software laboratory and product development company that existed from 1989 through 1993. At first wholly, and then majority, owned by AT&T, it was responsible for the development and maintenance of one of the main branches of the Unix operating system, the UNIX System V Release 4 source code product. Through Univel, a partnership with Novell, it was also responsible for the development and production of the UnixWare packaged operating system for Intel architecture. In addition it developed Tuxedo, a transaction processing monitor, and was responsible for certain products related to the C++ programming language. USL was based in Summit, New Jersey, and its CEOs were Larry Dooling followed by Roel Pieper.
Created from earlier AT&T entities, USL was, as industry writer Christopher Negus has observed, the culmination of AT&T's long involvement in Unix, "a jewel that couldn't quite find a home or a way to make a profit."<ref name="negus"/> USL was sold to Novell in 1993.
Template:AnchorOrigins as subsidiary of AT&TEdit
Template:See also AT&T announced the creation of the UNIX Software Operation (USO) – a separate and distinct AT&T business unit responsible for the development, marketing, and licensing of UNIX System V software – in January 1989.<ref name="signals-91">Template:Cite news</ref> This was done, as a subsequent press release stated, "in order to separate AT&T's UNIX System source code business from its computer systems business,"<ref name="pr-rosetta"/> the latter a reference to AT&T Computer Systems. USO included the AT&T Data Systems Group organizations responsible for UNIX product planning and management, licensing, and marketing.<ref name="pr-uso"/> Peter J. Weinberger was named chief scientist of USO while also retaining his job in the computing science research center at Bell Labs; no other Bell Labs assets were transferred to USO.<ref name="pr-uso">Template:Cite press release</ref> The head of USO was Larry Dooling, who had been a vice-president in sales and marketing in the AT&T Data Systems Group.<ref name="pr-uso"/>
Unlike the original Unix work, which had been done in the Bell Labs facility in Murray Hill, USO and the commercialization work was done a few miles away in Summit, New Jersey.<ref name="negus"/><ref name="lat-novell"/> This AT&T Bell Labs location was known as SF for Summit Facility.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
UNIX System Laboratories, Inc., came into being as a separate subsidiary of AT&T in November 1989 and was assigned all U.S.-based AT&T Unix and USO assets.<ref name="pr-rosetta"/> However USO continued to operate as USO until June 1990, when the reincorporation of AT&T's European and Asian Unix business operations as wholly owned subsidiaries of USL was completed.<ref name="signals-91"/> At that point the UNIX Software Operation was publicly rebranded as UNIX System Laboratories.<ref name="pr-rosetta">Template:Cite press release</ref> Again, a point of emphasis was to separate the Unix-based business from AT&T's hardware-based business.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The subsidiaries were known as UNIX System Laboratories Europe, Ltd., sited near Ealing Broadway in London, and UNIX System Laboratories Pacific, Ltd., located in Shiba, Tokyo.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Dooling was named the initial president of USL, continuing from his position at USO.<ref name="pr-rosetta"/>
These organizational changes were taking place in the context of the open systems movement and the ongoing Unix wars. In consequence, the pro-AT&T side Unix International (as opposed to the anti-AT&T side Open Software Foundation) declared that "In the last 18 months AT&T has made good on its commitment to treat UNIX System as the industry asset it is and to open the UNIX System V development process to the entire industry."<ref name="pr-rosetta"/>
Unix System V workEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} One unit within USL, called the UNIX System V Software business unit and headed by Michael J. DeFazio, was responsible for the development of the UNIX System V base technology.<ref name="pr-rosetta"/> DeFazio had held a similar role within USO.<ref name="pr-uso"/> The USO/USL staff was heavily involved in the creation of UNIX System V Release 4, which shipped in 1989 and was a joint project with Sun Microsystems.<ref name="timeline"/> This work incorporated technology from a variety of Unix-based efforts, including UNIX System V, BSD, and Xenix.<ref name="timeline">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There were additions and new innovations as well from both the AT&T and Sun sides. System V Release 4 debuted at the Unix Expo trade show in New York in November 1989, in the form of source code availability for it as well as demonstrations from Unix International of SVR4-based applications running on seventeen different vendor platforms.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> End-user versions of Release 4 became available during 1990.<ref name="advanced"/>
Next USL engaged in an especially arduous effort into trying to satisfy the requirements of the National Computer Security Center's Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria ("Orange Book") to the B2 level.<ref name="cw-sec">Template:Cite news</ref> This manifested itself in System V Release 4.1 ES (Enhanced Security), which also included generally useful features such as support for dynamic loading of kernel modules.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Following that, USL worked on System V Release 4.2, which was released in June 1992.<ref name="iw-42">Template:Cite news</ref> InfoWorld characterized this effort as "at the core of an assault on the enterprise networking market," with a modular architecture that stressed improved support for enterprise- and network-level administration, drivers for both Token Ring and Ethernet, and a greater ability to run on low-end machine configurations.<ref name="iw-42"/>
Multiprocessing became the focus of the final USL-based OEM release of System V, which was Release 4.2MP, released in December 1993.<ref name="timeline"/>
USL continued the publication of an early Unix standard, the System V Interface Definition (SVID).<ref name="advanced"/> Moreover, the SVID became one of the bases for the more important, vendor-independent POSIX standard for Unix, which System V Release 4 releases also conformed to, as well as the later Single UNIX Specification.<ref name="advanced">Template:Cite book</ref>
USL produced many books documenting various aspects of Unix System V.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} WorldCat lists "122 works in 297 publications in 1 language and 1,849 library holdings" from USL.</ref> USL also provided some training and consulting services for Unix systems.<ref name="pr-finalized"/>
Chorus and OuvertureEdit
In 1991, USL forged an arrangement with the French company Chorus Systèmes SA to engage in cooperative work on the Chorus microkernel technology, with the idea of supporting SVR4 on a microkernel and thereby making it more scalable and better suited for parallel and distributed applications.<ref name="en-1991"/><ref name="pcw-1993"/> As part of this, USL took a $1 million stake in Chorus Systèmes.<ref name="en-1991">Template:Cite news</ref> Much of the USL Chorus work was done at the USL Europe facility in London.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By 1993 the work was still ongoing, with questions of industry standardization of interfaces arising.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Unisys was also part of the collaboration effort.<ref name="pcw-1993"/> Announcements made during 1993 promised an OEM release in 1994 and a general availability release in 1995.<ref name="pcw-1993">Template:Cite news</ref>
This was part of the larger Ouverture project, a $14 million effort that was itself part of the European Strategic Program on Research in Information Technology (ESPRIT), overseen by the European Commission.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Other software workEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Another unit within USL, called the Open Solutions Software business unit and headed by Joel A. Appelbaum, was responsible for other system software that in some way worked in conjunction with Unix.<ref name="pr-rosetta"/>
The Tuxedo transaction processing middleware had also been transferred from elsewhere in AT&T to USL. It had originated as the Loop Maintenance Operations System (LMOS) followed by the Unix Transaction System (UNITS) and was used for projects internally within AT&T. It was then renamed by USL and, as Release 4.0 of what was now called Tuxedo, in 1989 was offered for the first time as a commercial product.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
USL also developed and marketed the OSI Communications Platform, which was an implementation of the OSI protocols for Unix-based networking.<ref name="nw-knowhow">Template:Cite news</ref>
C++ language workEdit
Template:See also There was also a languages department at Unix System Laboratories, which was responsible for the C language compiler and development tools used to build Unix.<ref name="pr-uso"/> Moreover, it was responsible for commercial sales related to the C++ language, including development tools such as the Cfront compiler that had come from AT&T.<ref name="d-and-e"/> Indeed, the paper describing one of the first implementations of automatic instantiation of C++ templates in a C++ compiler had as lead author an engineer associated with Unix System Laboratories.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="m-and-c"/> And Margaret A. Ellis, co-author with C++ creator Bjarne Stroustrup of The Annotated C++ Reference Manual, an important publication in the history of the language, was a USL software engineer.<ref name="d-and-e"/>
USL also continued the development of, and attempted to market, C++ Standard Components, an early instance of a C++ software foundation library that supported container classes and various other computer science-based functionality such as finite-state machines, graphs, and regular expressions.<ref name="udk-sc"/><ref name="report"/> The Standard Components originated in conjunction with early developments in the C++ language in Bell Labs and became widely used internally within AT&T,<ref name="d-and-e"/> by one estimate being used in hundreds of projects.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They represented an effort among early library writers there to design reusable code using C++ idioms.<ref name="m-and-c">Template:Cite book</ref> Unlike its other offerings, which were sold to OEM vendors and resellers, here USL sold to end users.<ref name="report">Template:Cite news</ref> The initial release of USL C++ Standard Components to the general computing industry was labelled as Release 2.0 and occurred in 1991;<ref name="udk-hist"/> it suffered from an awkward mechanism to get around the lack of templates in the container classes.<ref name="report"/> That was followed by Release 3.0, which added support for templates, in 1992.<ref name="udk-hist">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Some within USL believed that C++ Standard Components could become a language standard as well as a significant source of revenue,<ref name="d-and-e"/> but it had trouble gaining traction outside of AT&T. Stroustrup would later describe these goals as "a misguided belief".<ref name="d-and-e">Template:Cite book</ref> In any case, all such libraries were soon eclipsed by the radically different Standard Template Library (STL), which became the standardized foundation library for the C++ language.<ref>Template:Cite conference</ref> As it happens, one of the Standard Components, array_alg, was designed by the creator of STL, Alex Stepanov, and can be considered an early predecessor of STL.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} and {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Partial spinoff from AT&TEdit
In April 1991, USL became partly independent of AT&T when about 22 percent of it, worth about $65 million, was sold to eleven outside computer vendors: Amdahl, Motorola, Novell, Sun, ICL, Olivetti, Fujitsu, NEC, OKI Electric, Toshiba, and the Institute for Information Industry.<ref name="cw-selloff">Template:Cite news</ref> There was a stated goal to lessen the control AT&T had over Unix, which would lead to USL becoming a publicly owned company within three years.<ref name="cw-selloff"/> An AT&T executive said, "AT&T is convinced that the best way to nurture the growth of the open systems movement and to share into it ourselves is to establish an independent Unix Systems Laboratory with the technical guidance of Unix International and the business advice of investors who will ensure that USL is run properly and profitably."<ref name="nw-knowhow"/>
By this point USL had some 500 employees, 2400 customers, and annual revenue around the $100 million mark.<ref name="cw-selloff"/> AT&T said that USL had been profitable since its inception in 1989.<ref name="cw-selloff"/>
USL got a new president and CEO in November 1991 when Dooling was replaced by the Dutchman Roel Pieper, formerly chief technical officer of Software AG.<ref name="cwde-roel">Template:Cite news</ref>
USL was aggressive in defending its perceived intellectual property rights, initiating as the plaintiff a lawsuit in 1992 against Berkeley Software Design makers of and the Regents of the University of California over copyrights and trademarks related to Unix.<ref name="ieee-unix">Template:Cite news</ref> The case was known as UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. v. Berkeley Software Design, Inc. and in it USL asked the court for a preliminary injunction that would bar the Berkeley firm and the university from distributing their Net/2 operating system release, which was implied to be Unix, until the case was concluded.<ref name="conn"/> In response the university filed a countersuit against AT&T for alleged breaches in the licensing agreement the two parties had.<ref name="ieee-unix"/> (The case was settled out of court in January 1994.<ref name="conn">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>)
Univel and UnixWareEdit
Template:See also In December 1991, USL combined with Novell to form the Univel joint venture.<ref name="cw-univel">Template:Cite news</ref> The goal was to make the "Destiny" desktop for Intel commodity hardware, which would be USL's first shrink-wrapped binary product, with the necessary resources for sales, marketing, and distribution being moved into the new entity.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Kanwal Rekhi, a Novell vice president who helped launch Univel, said the goal was to create a "Unix for the masses".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
A May 1992 InfoWorld interview with Pieper captured some of the ambitions of USL at the time, as Pieper said: "It is not just a new Unix version; rather it is the creation of an entire model change for Unix that says there are better ways to bring the benefits and features of Unix into a distributed PC environment. The earlier model did not allow Unix to play in the low-end market because of its size, complexity, and cost. The new model calls for business partnerships, such as the one with Novell, to deliver Unix to the commercial marketplace."<ref name="iw-roel"/> In another interview around the same time, Pieper predicted that if the new Unix became a success, USL revenue could increase ten-fold to $1 billion within five years.<ref name="bb-roel">Template:Cite news</ref> Pieper acknowledged that similar Unix efforts had failed in the past, but said that the presence of Novell's PC presence and marketing experience as well as the interest of Intel would make the difference this time.<ref name="iw-roel">Template:Cite news</ref> Indeed, Pieper had aspirations to be another Bill Gates: "I want to be in the same position."<ref name="bb-roel"/>
UnixWare 1.0, which is what Destiny became a product as, was announced on October 12, 1992.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It was based on the Unix System V release 4.2 kernel. The MoOLIT toolkit was used for the windowing system, allowing the user to choose between an OPEN LOOK or MOTIF-like look and feel at run time. In order to make the system more robust on commodity desktop hardware the Veritas VXFS journaling file system was used in place of the UFS file system used in SVR4. Networking support in UnixWare included both TCP/IP and interoperability with Novell's NetWare protocols of IPX/SPX.<ref name="infoworld"/> The former were the standard among Unix users at the time of development, while PC networking was much more commonly based on the highly successful NetWare product; indeed, the base level of the Personal Edition of UnixWare did not even have TCP/IP included, while the Application Server version did.<ref name="infoworld">Template:Cite news</ref>
Initial sales of UnixWare were underwhelming, with Unix facing a difficult time in the PC market.<ref name="cw-longshot"/> This was in part because Windows already had a stronghold there, in part because USL's third-party licensing payment obligations made low-cost sales uneconomical, and in part because of a lack of applications to run on UnixWare.<ref name="negus"/>
Acquisition by NovellEdit
On December 21, 1992, it was announced that Novell would acquire Unix System Laboratories, and all of its Unix assets, including all copyrights, trademarks, and licensing contracts, for some $335 million in stock.<ref name="lat-novell">Template:Cite news</ref> The news led to large headlines of the "NOVELL BUYS UNIX" variety.<ref name="crn-news">Template:Cite news</ref> The measure was intended to help Novell compete against Microsoft, which was on the verge of including networking as a built-in feature of Windows in conjunction with the Windows NT server.<ref name="lat-novell"/><ref name="cw-longshot"/> It was also an outgrowth of Novell chief Ray Noorda's theories about coopetition in a technology industry.<ref name="cbr-japan"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The move seemed like a long shot to analysts, with a commentary piece in Computerworld outlining the obstacles to success and stating, "Saying this deal has the technical potential to counter Windows NT is very different from predicting that it will do so."<ref name="cw-longshot">Template:Cite news</ref>
There was negative reaction to the acquisition from USL shareholders, USL employees, and members of Unix International.<ref name="cbr-japan"/> Noorda had to emphasize that Novell had no plans to move USL operations from New Jersey to Utah, where Novell was based.<ref name="cbr-japan"/> And Noorda and Pieper had to travel to Japan to reassure USL shareholders and investors there.<ref name="cbr-japan">Template:Cite news</ref>
Nonetheless, the deal was finalized in June 1993.<ref name="pr-finalized">Template:Cite press release</ref> Novell created the Unix Systems Group to contain the new business, which also absorbed the Univel venture.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Rekhi was named as the head of the Unix Systems Group.<ref name="nyt-roel-out"/> Pieper, who had been assigned under Rekhi with little role to play, soon departed, leaving Novell in August 1993.<ref name="cw-roel-out">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-roel-out">Template:Cite news</ref>
The USL Europe office in London was moved into Novell's facility in Bracknell, Berkshire.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Chorus work it was doing became the basis for the Novell "SuperNOS", a project to create a microkernel-based, UnixWare–NetWare hybrid, network operating system.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
LegacyEdit
The acquisition of USL never really worked out for Novell,<ref name="crn-news"/> and was followed by Novell's misguided acquisitions of WordPerfect and Quattro Pro in another attempt to compete head-to-head with Microsoft.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In particular, the "SuperNOS" project never achieved fruition.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Novell announced the sale of Unix to the Santa Cruz Operation, coincident with a licensing arrangement with Hewlett-Packard, in September 1995.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Following another change of ownership, the renamed The SCO Group and the Unix System V source base became elements of the SCO–Linux disputes.<ref name="crn-news"/> After The SCO Group went bankrupt, the SCO products using the Unix System V source base were purchased by UnXis, later renamed to Xinuos.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Although it never took off within the industry, C++ Standard Components remained in the development kits for Novell UnixWare, later SCO UnixWare, into the 2000s.<ref name="udk-sc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} See also "Relationship to the C++ Standard Library" Template:Webarchive at the same site.</ref> Tuxedo was acquired by BEA Systems in the 1990s, and then upon that firm being acquired became part of Oracle Fusion Middleware.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Novell was acquired by The Attachmate Group in 2011. The Attachmate Group was acquired by Micro Focus in 2014. Micro Focus was later acquired by OpenText in 2023.
In the view of writer Christopher Negus, "The UNIX Laboratory was considered a jewel that couldn't quite find a home or a way to make a profit. As it moved between Bell Laboratories and other areas of AT&T, its name changed several times. It is probably best remembered by the name it had as it began its spin-off from AT&T: UNIX System Laboratories (USL)."<ref name="negus">Template:Cite book</ref> However Negus believes that in three crucial respects USL's actions – in continuing to release a source code product to its partners, in working to define industry standards such as POSIX, and in making decisions on the direction of Unix based on technical merit not corporate advantage – paved the way for the rise of a Unix-like entity such as the Linux operating system, and that this beneficial historical role has been obscured by the SCO–Linux controversies.<ref name="negus"/>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:AT&T Spinoffs Template:Novell Template:OpenText Template:Authority control