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Ugaritic

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:Distinguish {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Template:Contains special characters

Ugaritic<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Rendsburg, Gary A. “Modern South Arabian as a Source for Ugaritic Etymologies”. In: Journal of the American Oriental Society 107, no. 4 (1987): 623–28. https://doi.org/10.2307/603304.</ref> (Template:IPAc-en<ref>Template:MerriamWebsterDictionary</ref>) is an extinct Northwest Semitic language known through the Ugaritic texts discovered by French archaeologists in 1928 at Ugarit,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Ugaritic is alternatively classified in a "North Semitic" group, see Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=solve>Template:Cite journal</ref> including several major literary texts, notably the Baal cycle.<ref name=solve /><ref name="EHLL 2013">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Ugaritic has been called "the greatest literary discovery from antiquity since the deciphering of the Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mesopotamian cuneiform".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

CorpusEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Ugaritic language is attested in texts from the 14th through the early 12th century BC. The city of Ugarit was destroyed roughly 1190 BC.<ref name="Huehnergard2012">Template:Cite book</ref>

Literary texts discovered at Ugarit include the Legend of Keret or Kirta, the legends of Danel (AKA 'Aqhat), the Myth of Baal-Aliyan, and the Death of Baal. The latter two are also known collectively as the Baal Cycle. These texts reveal aspects of ancient Northwest Semitic religion in Syria-Palestine during the Late Bronze Age.

Edward Greenstein has proposed that Ugaritic texts might help solve biblical puzzles such as the anachronism of Ezekiel mentioning Daniel in Template:Bibleverse<ref name=solve /> actually referring to Danel, a hero from the Ugaritic Tale of Aqhat.

PhonologyEdit

Ugaritic had 28 consonantal phonemes (including two semivowels) and eight vowel phonemes (three short vowels and five long vowels): a ā i ī u ū ē ō. The phonemes ē and ō occur only as long vowels and are the result of monophthongization of the diphthongs аy and aw, respectively.

Ugaritic consonantal phonemesTemplate:Citation needed
Labial Interdental Dental/Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
plain emphatic
Nasal Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Stop voiceless Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
voiced Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Fricative voiceless Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
voiced Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink (Template:IPAlink)Template:R Template:IPAlinkTemplate:R Template:IPAlink
Approximant Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Trill Template:IPAlink

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The following table shows Proto-Semitic phonemes and their correspondences among Ugaritic, Akkadian, Classical Arabic and Tiberian Hebrew:

Proto-Semitic Ugaritic Akkadian Classical Arabic Tiberian Hebrew Imperial Aramaic
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎁 Template:Transliteration b ب Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ב Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡁 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎔 Template:Transliteration p ف Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} פ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡐 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎏 Template:Transliteration;
sometimes Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 		z ذ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ז Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡃 (older 𐡆) Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎘 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} š ث Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} שׁ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡕 (older 𐡔) Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎑 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}};
sporadically Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 		ṣ ظ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} צ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡈 (older 𐡑) Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎄 Template:Transliteration d د Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ד Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡃 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎚 Template:Transliteration t ت Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ת Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡕 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎉 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ṭ ط Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ט Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡈 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎌 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} š س Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} שׁ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡔 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎇 Template:Transliteration z ز Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ז Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡆 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎒 Template:Transliteration s س Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ס Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡎 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎕 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ṣ ص Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} צ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡑 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎍 Template:Transliteration l ل Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ל Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡋 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎌 Template:Transliteration š ش Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} שׂ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡎 (older 𐡔) Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎕 Template:Transliteration ṣ ض Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} צ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡏 (older 𐡒) Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎂 Template:Transliteration g ج Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ג Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡂 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎋 Template:Transliteration k ك Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} כ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡊 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎖 Template:Transliteration q ق Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ק Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡒 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎙 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ḫ غ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ע Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡏 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎃 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} خ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ח Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡇 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎓 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ḫ / e ع Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ע Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡏 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎈 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} e ح Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ח Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡇 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎛 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ∅ / Template:Transliteration ء Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} א Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡀/∅ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎅 Template:Transliteration ∅ ه Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ה Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡄 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎎 Template:Transliteration m م Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} מ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡌 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎐 Template:Transliteration n ن Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} נ Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡍 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎗 Template:Transliteration r ر Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ר Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡓 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎆 Template:Transliteration w و Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ו Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡅 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐎊 Template:Transliteration y ي Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} י Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 𐡉 Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:IPA|main}}

Writing systemEdit

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File:Ugaritic Chart of Letters.svg
Table of Ugaritic alphabet

The Ugaritic alphabet is a cuneiform script used beginning in the 15th century BC. Like most Semitic scripts, it is an abjad, where each symbol stands for a consonant, leaving the reader to supply the appropriate vowel.

Although it appears similar to Mesopotamian cuneiform (whose writing techniques it borrowed), its symbols and symbol meanings are unrelated. It is the oldest example of the family of West Semitic scripts such as the Phoenician, Paleo-Hebrew, and Aramaic alphabets (including the Hebrew alphabet). The so-called "long alphabet" has 30 letters while the "short alphabet" has 22. Other languages (particularly Hurrian) were occasionally written in the Ugarit area, although not elsewhere.

Clay tablets written in Ugaritic provide the earliest evidence of both the Levantine ordering of the alphabet, which gave rise to the alphabetic order of the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin alphabets; and the South Semitic order, which gave rise to the order of the Ge'ez script. The script was written from left to right.

GrammarEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Ugaritic is an inflected language, and its grammatical features are highly similar to those found in Akkadian, Classical Arabic and, to a lesser extent, Biblical Hebrew. It possesses two genders (masculine and feminine), three grammatical cases for nouns and adjectives (nominative, accusative, and genitive), three numbers (singular, dual, and plural), and verb aspects similar to those found in other Northwest Semitic languages. The word order for Ugaritic is verb–subject–object (VSO) and subject–object–verb (SOV),<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> possessed–possessor (NG), and noun–adjective (NA). Ugaritic is considered a conservative Semitic language, since it retains most of the phonemes, the case system, and the word order of the ancestral Proto-Semitic language.<ref name="urlA Basic Grammar of Ugaritic Language by Stanislav Segert - Hardcover - University of California Press">Template:Cite book</ref>

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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