Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

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The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (simply University of Munich, LMU or LMU Munich; Template:Langx) is a public research university in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. Originally established as the University of Ingolstadt in 1472 by Duke Ludwig IX of Bavaria-Landshut, it is Germany's sixth-oldest university in continuous operation.Template:Refn

In 1800, the university was moved from Ingolstadt to Landshut by King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria when the city was threatened by the French, before being transferred to its present-day location in Munich in 1826 by King Ludwig I of Bavaria. In 1802, the university was officially named Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität by King Maximilian I of Bavaria in honor of himself and Ludwig IX.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LMU is currently the second-largest university in Germany in terms of student population; in the 2023/24 winter semester, the university had a total of 52,972 matriculated students. Of these, 10,138 were freshmen, while international students totaled 2,859 or approximately 28% of the student population. As for the operating budget, the university records in 2022 a total of 797.4 million euros in funding without the university hospital; with the university hospital, the university has a total funding amounting to approximately 2.18 billion euros.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:As of the University of Munich is associated with 44 Nobel laureates. Among these were Wilhelm Röntgen, Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg, Otto Hahn and Thomas Mann. Notable alumni, faculty and researchers include Pope Benedict XVI, Rudolf Peierls, Josef Mengele, Richard Strauss, Walter Benjamin, Joseph Campbell, Muhammad Iqbal, Marie Stopes, Wolfgang Pauli, Bertolt Brecht, Max Horkheimer, Karl Loewenstein, Carl Schmitt, Gustav Radbruch, Ernst Cassirer, Ernst Bloch and Konrad Adenauer. LMU has recently been conferred the title of "University of Excellence" under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, and is a member of U15 as well as the LERU.

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HistoryEdit

1472–1800Edit

File:Lmu ingolstadt pfruendnerhaus.jpg

University buildings in Ingolstadt

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The university was founded with papal approval in 1472 as the University of Ingolstadt (foundation right of Louis IX the Rich), with faculties of philosophy, medicine, jurisprudence and theology. Its first rector was Christopher Mendel of Steinfels, who later became bishop of Chiemsee.

In the period of German humanism, the university's academics included names such as Conrad Celtes and Petrus Apianus. The theologian Johann Eck also taught at the university. From 1549 to 1773, the university was influenced by the Jesuits and became one of the centres of the Counter-Reformation. The Jesuit Petrus Canisius served as rector of the university.

At the end of the 18th century, the university was influenced by the Enlightenment, which led to a stronger emphasis on natural science.

1800–1933Edit

File:Moritz Kellerhoven, König Max I. von Bayern.jpg

Portrait of Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, after whom the University of Munich was renamed in 1802

File:Baeyer-Volhard LMU 1877.jpg

Adolf von Baeyer, Emil Fischer, Jacob Volhard and other chemists at LMU in 1877

In 1800, the Prince-Elector Maximilian IV Joseph (the later Maximilian I, King of Bavaria) moved the university to Landshut, due to French aggression that threatened Ingolstadt during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1802, the university was renamed the Ludwig Maximilian University in honour of its two founders, Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria and Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria. The Minister of Education, Maximilian von Montgelas, initiated a number of reforms that sought to modernize the rather conservative and Jesuit-influenced university. In 1826, it was moved to Munich, the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria. The university was situated in the Old Academy until a new building in the Ludwigstraße was completed. The locals were somewhat critical of the number of Protestant professors Maximilian and later Ludwig I invited to Munich. They were dubbed the "Nordlichter" (northern lights), and especially physician Johann Nepomuk von Ringseis was quite angry about them.<ref>"Wortgewaltiger Gegner der Nordlichter: Der Mediziner Johann Nepomuk von Ringseis", in: Ulrike Leutheusser, Heinrich Nöth (Hg.), "Dem Geist alle Tore öffnen". König Maximilian II. von Bayern und die Wissenschaft, München 2009, pp. 142–153; 2. Aufl. München 2011, pp. 142–153.</ref>

File:München Amalienstraße bei Universität.jpg

View of the University of Munich from Amalienstrasse around 1900

In the second half of the 19th century, the university rose to great prominence in the European scientific community, attracting many of the world's leading scientists. It was also a period of great expansion. From 1903, women were allowed to study at Bavarian universities, and by 1918, the female proportion of students at LMU had reached 18%. In 1918, Adele Hartmann became the first woman in Germany to earn the Habilitation (higher doctorate), at LMU.

During the Weimar Republic, the university continued to be one of the world's leading universities, with professors such as Wilhelm Röntgen, Wilhelm Wien, Richard Willstätter, Arnold Sommerfeld and Ferdinand Sauerbruch.

1933–1945Edit

Template:See also During the Third Reich, academic freedom was severely curtailed. In 1943, the White Rose group, consisting of anti-Nazi students, carried out a campaign opposing the National Socialists at this institution. The university subsequently removed Kurt Huber, a Nazi opposition fighter, from his position and revoked his doctorate upon his arrest.

Between 1933 and 1936, Karl Escherich served as rector at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, followed by Leopold Kölbl from 1936 to 1938, Philipp Broemser from 1938 to 1941, and finally, Walther Wüst from 1941 to 1945.

1945–presentEdit

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File:Lmu lichthof treppe.jpg

The Lichthof (atrium)

File:LMU, Gang 1. OG.JPG

Colonnade in the first floor

The university has continued to be one of the leading universities of West Germany during the Cold War and in the post-reunification era. In the late 1960s, the university was the scene of protests by radical students.

Today, the University of Munich is part of 24 Collaborative Research Centers funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and is host university of 13 of them. It also hosts 12 DFG Research Training Groups and three international doctorate programs as part of the Elite Network of Bavaria, an educational policy concept of Bavaria for the promotion of gifted pupils and students in the higher education sector. It attracts an additional 120 million euros per year in outside funding and is intensively involved in national and international funding initiatives.

LMU Munich has a wide range of degree programs, with 150 subjects available in numerous combinations. 15% of the 45,000 students who attend the university come from abroad.

In 2005, Germany's state and federal governments launched the German Universities Excellence Initiative, a contest among its universities. With a total of 1.9 billion euros, 75 percent of which comes from the federal state, its architects aim to strategically promote top-level research and scholarship. The money is given to more than 30 research universities in Germany.

The initiative will fund three project-oriented areas: graduate schools to promote the next generation of scholars, clusters of excellence to promote cutting-edge research, and "future concepts" for the project-based expansion of academic excellence at universities as a whole. In order to qualify for this third area, a university had to have at least one internationally recognized academic center of excellence and a new graduate school. After the first round of selections, LMU Munich was invited to submit applications for all three funding lines. It entered the competition with proposals for two graduate schools and four clusters of excellence.

On Friday 13 October 2006, a blue-ribbon panel announced the results of the Germany-wide Excellence Initiative for promoting top university research and education. The panel, composed of the German Research Foundation and the German Science Council, has decided that LMU Munich will receive funding for all three areas covered by the Initiative: one graduate school, three "excellence clusters" and general funding for the university's "future concept".

In January 2012, scientists at the Ludwig Maximilian University published details of the most sensitive listening device known so far. This has led to the college being inducted into the Guinness Book of World Records.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In September 2018, the Munich public prosecutor's office investigated a university vice president on suspicion of embezzlement. The vice president should have claimed "excessive travel expenses".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The following year, veterinary students reported that the LMU violated animal welfare standards. According to them, the LMU keeps pigs in tight grid boxes, so that some animals showed scratches, bumps and respiratory diseases from lying down. Students who reported these circumstances said that they were threatened with deregistration from the university.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the beginning of 2020, the LMU locked around 80 students in a room who wanted to discuss the topic "Climate Burns, University Burns," about why universities are doing research for companies that are harmful to the climate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CampusEdit

File:LMU Muenchen Standortkarte.png

LMU's institutes and research centers are spread throughout Munich.

File:Entrance to LMU Munich main building.jpg

Entrance to LMU's main building

File:München- U-Bahnhof Universität- auf Bahnsteig zu Gleis 2 1.4.2010.jpg

Underground station Universität serves LMU's main campus via lines U3/U6.

File:Klinikum Grosshadern Sued.png

LMU Klinikum – Campus Großhadern, the hospital

LMU's institutes and research centers are spread throughout Munich, with several buildings located in the suburbs of Oberschleissheim and Garching as well as Maisach and Bad Tölz. The university's main buildings are grouped around Geschwister-Scholl-Platz and Professor-Huber-Platz on Ludwigstrasse, extending into side streets such as Akademiestraße, Schellingstraße, and Veterinärstraße. Other large campuses and institutes are located in Großhadern (Klinikum Großhadern), Martinsried (chemistry and biotechnology campus), the Ludwigsvorstadt (Klinikum Innenstadt) and in the Lehel (Institut am Englischen Garten), across from the main buildings, through the Englischer Garten.

The university's main building is situated in Geschwister-Scholl-Platz and the university's main campus is served by the Munich subway's Universität station.

Great Assembly Hall (Große Aula)Edit

File:Lmu grosse aula.jpg

Große Aula

The große Aula is located in the university main building at Ludwigstraße in Munich. The Aula was constructed as part of the main building by Friedrich von Gärtner and completed in 1840. The hall is situated in the first floor and extends to the second floor.

The Aula was not destroyed during World War II and, thus, is one of few usable pre war venues in Munich. The Aula was used for the first performances of concerts after the war. Furthermore, it was venue for the constituent assembly of the state of Bavaria, where the current Bavarian constitution was enacted.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Today, the Aula hosts mainly concerts, talks and lectures.

AcademicsEdit

Fields of studyEdit

Despite the Bologna Process which saw the demise of most traditional academic-degree courses such as the Diplom and Magister Artium in favour of the more internationally known Bachelors and Masters system, the University of Munich continues to offer more than 100 areas of study with numerous combinations of majors and minors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In line with the university's internationalisation as a popular destination for tertiary studies, an increasing number of courses mainly at the graduate and post-graduate levels are also available in English to cater to international students who may have little or no background in the German language.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some notable subject areas which currently offer programmes in English include various fields of psychology, physics as well as business and management.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

FacultiesEdit

File:Edificio principal, Jardín Botánico, Múnich, Alemania 2012-04-21, DD 04.JPG

LMU's Institute of Systematic Botany is located at Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg.

File:Chemistry faculty of the LMU 2003.JPG

Faculty of chemistry buildings at the Martinsried campus of LMU Munich

The university consists of 18 faculties which oversee various departments and institutes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The official numbering of the faculties and the missing numbers 06 and 14 are the result of breakups and mergers of faculties in the past. The Faculty of Forestry Operations with number 06 has been integrated into the Technical University of Munich in 1999 and faculty number 14 has been merged with faculty number 13.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>Template:Reliable source?

01 Faculty of Catholic Theology
02 Faculty of Protestant Theology
03 Faculty of Law
04 Faculty of Business Administration
05 Faculty of Economics
07 Faculty of Medicine
08 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
09 Faculty for History and the Arts
10 Faculty of Philosophy, Philosophy of Science and Study of Religion
11 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences
12 Faculty for the Study of Culture
13 Faculty for Languages and Literatures
15 Faculty of Social Sciences
16 Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics
17 Faculty of Physics
18 Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
19 Faculty of Biology
20 Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Sciences

Research centresEdit

File:LMU München - Audimax2.JPG

Audimax

In addition to its 18 faculties, the University of Munich also maintains numerous research centres involved in numerous cross-faculty and transdisciplinary projects to complement its various academic programmes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some of these research centres were a result of cooperation between the university and renowned external partners from academia and industry; the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, for example, was established through a joint initiative between LMU Munich and the Deutsches Museum, while the Parmenides Center for the Study of Thinking resulted from the collaboration between the Parmenides Foundation and LMU Munich's Human Science Center.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Some of the research centres which have been established include:

Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM)
Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN)
Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM)
Parmenides Center for the Study of Thinking
Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society

Tuition and feesEdit

Universities in Bavaria do not charge tuition fees. Instead, a mandatory semester fee has to be paid that is fully transferred to the student union for providing, amongst other services, housing and lunch options for students.

RankingsEdit

Template:Infobox Germany university rankings The 2025 QS World University Rankings rank LMU Munich 59th overall in the world and 2nd in Germany.<ref name="QS"/> In the 2024 QS Subject Rankings, the university is highly ranked in the arts and humanities, natural sciences, and life sciences and medicine.<ref name="QSSubject">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Times Higher Education Ranking 2024 ranks LMU Munich 2nd in Germany, and 38th in the world.<ref name="THE"/> In the 2023 THE subject rankings, LMU is ranked first in Germany in the arts and humanities, law, and psychology.<ref name="THESubject">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Academic Ranking of World Universities ranks LMU Munich joint 2nd nationally and 59th in the world as of 2023.<ref name="ARWU"/> In the subjects of physics, education, communication, public administration, and hospitality, it is ranked first in Germany.<ref name="ARWUSubject">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2018 and 2019, the LMU took 1st place based on the number of DAX board of management members.<ref>Michael Proft. (2018). 7. DAX-Vorstands-Report</ref><ref name="Klaus Hansen">Klaus Hansen. (2019). 8. DAX-Vorstands-Report</ref> The top 3 universities in 2019 were the LMU Munich, the RWTH Aachen and the Technische Universität Darmstadt.<ref name="Klaus Hansen"/> According to the funding report of the German Research Foundation (DFG) of 2021, which breaks down the grants from 2017 to 2019, LMU Munich ranked 1st among German universities. By area, it ranked 1st in the life sciences, 2nd in the humanities and social sciences, and 6th in the natural sciences.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> In November 2018 Expertscape recognized it as one of the top ten institutions in the world in pancreatic cancer.<ref name="rank_pancreatic_neoplasms">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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THE World University Rankings by Subject 2024<ref name="THESubject" />
Subject	Global	National
Arts & humanities	Template:Fall 15 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Template:Same position 1 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
Business & economics	Template:Rise 36 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Template:Rise 2 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
Clinical & health	Template:Fall 50 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Template:Same position 3 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
Computer science	Template:Rise 62 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Template:Same position 4 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
Education	Template:Rise 61 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Template:Same position 3 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
Law	Template:Rise 25 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Template:Same position 1 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
Life sciences	Template:Fall 41 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Template:Fall 3 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
Physical sciences	Template:Rise 27 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Template:Same position 2 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
Psychology	Template:Fall 23 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Template:Same position 1 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}
Social sciences	Template:Rise =61 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}	Template:Same position 4 {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters\|check\|unknown=\|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"\|ignoreblank=y\| 1 \| style }}

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One Munich Strategy ForumEdit

The LMU and the Technical University of Munich have come together to work on "One Munich Strategy Forum", with a €2.5 million fund from the state of Bavaria.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Munich International Summer UniversityEdit

The Munich International Summer University (MISU at LMU) is the Summer University by LMU, which takes place annually in Munich and depending on the course also involves stays at different European cities. MISU invites international students to attend short-term programs at the LMU Munich in order to progress academically even in winter or summer breaks at their home university. MISU hereby offers two course formats: On the one hand German Language classes are held at different times over the year. On the other hand, MISU offers 16 subject-specific Summer Schools and Winter Schools covering a wide range of academic fields. Around 1000 students from nearly 90 countries joined MISU short-term programs in 2019.<ref>Munich International Summer University: "MISU at LMU Annual Report 2019", 2019.</ref>

Germany has a long tradition of hosting summer programs for international students.<ref>Joachim Hoffmann: Zur Geschichte der Universitätsferienkurse. In: Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache, Nr. 12,4, 1985, p. 341–352.</ref> The LMU Munich organised its Summer University for the first time in 1927. Labelled as Sommerkurse für Ausländer (Summer Courses for Foreigners) the Summer University ran annually until 1934 and primarily consisted of German Language courses for international students.<ref>Ulrich Bauer: Sommerschulen für Interkulturelle Deutschstudien. Geschichte-Konzeptualisierung-Modellbildung. Ein Beitrag zur Angewandten Lehrforschung Interkultureller Germanistik, IUDICIUM Verlag, 2002, p. 73.</ref> After a longer intermittence period, LMU's Summer University resumed as Internationaler Münchner Sommer (International Summer in Munich). Since then the number of courses has increased and the range of subject-specific Summer Schools was extended to further academic disciplines. From 2008 onwards LMU's Summer University operates under the name Munich International Summer University (MISU).<ref>Munich International Summer University: MISU at LMU Annual Report 2019, 2019, p. 8.</ref>

A central aim of MISU is to boost the internationality of the LMU Munich in terms of research and teaching.<ref>LMU Munich: Internationality of LMU Munich Template:Webarchive.</ref> Compared to semester-based student exchange programs, short-term programs such as Summer Schools have the advantage for international students to receive a very intensive and concise insight into the research areas and campus at the LMU Munich.<ref>Kathleen Campbell: Short-term study abroad programs: objectives and accomplishments. In: Journal of International Mobility, Nr. 4, 2016.</ref> MISU hereby has the objective to combine excellent academic education with extra-curricular activities. Participants are thus not only supervised intensively by established researchers on selected topics but are also introduced to the history, culture and politics of Munich, Bavaria and Germany. Moreover, the Summer University allows the LMU Munich to intensify cooperation with international partner universities. MISU's short-term programs therefore strengthen the LMU's international visibility as one of the highest ranked universities in Europe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Fv

Notable alumni and faculty membersEdit

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The alumni of Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich played a major role in the development of quantum mechanics. Max Planck, the founder of quantum theory and Nobel laureate in Physics in 1918, was an alumnus of the university. Founders of quantum mechanics such as Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, and others were associated with the university. Most recently, to honor the Nobel laureate in Chemistry Gerhard Ertl, who worked as a professor at the University of Munich from 1973 to 1986, the building of the Physical Chemistry was named after him.

Pakistani philosopher and poet Sir Muhammad Iqbal, regarded as the "Poet of the East" and "The Thinker of Pakistan", earned his PhD degree from the Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich in 1908. Working under the guidance of Friedrich Hommel, Iqbal published his doctoral thesis in 1908, entitled The Development of Metaphysics in Persia.<ref name="pktoday73">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="phdthesis">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Mustansir Mir2">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Roy Jackson">Template:Cite book</ref>

The anti-Nazi resistance White Rose was based in this university.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Pope Benedict XVI 2.jpg

Pope Benedict XVI was a student and professor at LMU Munich.
Roentgen2.jpg

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
Ferenc Krausz (cropped).jpg

Ferenc Krausz received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2023.
Theodor Haensch.jpg

Theodor W. Hänsch received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2005.
Otto Hahn (Nobel).jpg

Otto Hahn received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1944.
Bundesarchiv Bild183-R57262, Werner Heisenberg.jpg

Werner Heisenberg received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932.
Max Planck 1933.jpg

Max Planck received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.
Hans Bethe.jpg

Hans Bethe received the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Thomas Mann in 1926.jpg

Nobel Prize-winning novelist Thomas Mann gave numerous lectures at LMU Munich.
Karl Jaspers 1946.jpg

Karl Jaspers was a German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher.
Iqbal in 1931.jpg

Philosopher, Persian and Urdu poet Sir Muhammad Iqbal studied philosophy at LMU Munich.
Hans-Werner Sinn 17Jan2008 .jpg

Hans-Werner Sinn, professor of economics at LMU Munich
Dean Blake Van Leer.jpg

Blake Ragsdale Van Leer, United States Army officer and president of Georgia Institute of Technology
Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078072-0004, Konrad Adenauer.jpg

Konrad Adenauer was Chancellor of Germany from 1949 to 1963.
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Valdas Adamkus, President of Lithuania 1998–2003 and 2004–2009
Bertolt-Brecht.jpg

Bertolt Brecht, poet, playwright and theatre director
Max Weber 1894.jpg

The sociologist Max Weber was a professor at LMU Munich.
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0313-507, Rudolf Hess.jpg

Rudolf Hess was the Deputy Führer of National Socialist Germany from 1933 to 1941.
Josef Mengele, Auschwitz. Album Höcker (cropped).jpg

Josef Mengele was a Schutzstaffel (SS) officer.
Hermann Göring - Röhr.jpg

Hermann Göring was one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party.
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0630-504, Heinrich Brüning.jpg

Heinrich Brüning served as Chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932.

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit