Urban exploration

Urban exploration (often shortened as UE, urbex, and sometimes known as roof and tunnel hacking<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>) is the exploration of manmade structures, usually abandoned ruins or hidden components of the manmade environment. Photography and historical interest/documentation are heavily featured in the hobby, sometimes involving trespassing onto private property.<ref name="SFGATE_062008">Template:Cite news</ref> Urban exploration is also called draining (a specific form of urban exploration where storm drains or sewers are explored),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> urban spelunking,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> urban rock climbing,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> urban caving,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> building hacking, or mousing.

The activity presents various risks, including physical danger, the possibility of arrest and punishment if done illegally and/or without permission, and the risk of encountering squatters. Some activities associated with urban exploration may violate local or regional laws, certain broadly interpreted anti-terrorism laws, or can be considered trespassing or invasion of privacy. Encountering squatters, who are unauthorized occupants in abandoned or unmonitored properties, can lead to unpredictable and potentially dangerous situations.

Exploration sitesEdit

File:Urban Explorer in the entrance of technical gallery.jpg

Urban explorers at the entrance of a technical gallery under construction in Paris, France

AbandonmentsEdit

Ventures into abandoned structures are perhaps the most common example of urban exploration. Many sites are entered first by locals and may have graffiti or other kinds of vandalism, while others are better preserved. Although targets of exploration vary from one country to another, high-profile abandonments include amusement parks, grain elevators, factories, power plants, missile silos, fallout shelters, hospitals, asylums, prisons, schools, outmoded and abandoned skyscrapers, poor houses, and sanatoriums.

In Japan, abandoned infrastructure is known as Template:Nihongo3 (literally "ruins"), and the term is synonymous with the practice of urban exploration.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Nihongo3 are particularly common in Japan because of its rapid industrialization (e.g., Hashima Island), damage during World War II, the 1980s real estate bubble, and natural disasters such as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Željava, Underground 5.jpg

Željava underground military airport

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, a large underground facility abandoned since 1992 is Željava Air Base, situated under the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} mountain, near the city of Bihać. It was the largest underground airport and military air base in the SFR Yugoslavia, and one of the largest in Europe. The complex contains tunnels in total length of 3.5 km (2.2 mi), and other large facilities. Nowadays, it is popular for urban exploration, although it is risky due to the possibility of anti-personnel landmines being located in unexplored areas, remnants from 1990s Bosnian War.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="lybi">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Many explorers find the decay of uninhabited space profoundly beautiful, and some are also proficient freelance photographers who document what they see, such as those who document the infrastructure of the former USSR.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Abandoned sites are also popular among historians, preservationists, architects, archaeologists, industrial archaeologists, ghost hunters and notably, photographers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Active buildingsEdit

File:Light Painting Urbex.jpg

Light painting inside an abandoned limestone quarry in France.

Another aspect of urban exploration is the practice of exploring active or in use buildings, which includes gaining access to secured or "member-only" areas, mechanical rooms, roofs, elevator rooms, abandoned floors, and other normally unseen parts of working buildings. The term "infiltration" is often associated with exploring active structures. People entering restricted areas may be committing trespass, and civil prosecution may result. One notable instance of the urban exploration of active buildings occurred in 2007, when the French urban exploration group les UX carried out a clandestine operation to repair and restore the Panthéon's clock, which had stood inoperable for several decades. The group were able to conduct the repair work in secret, having infiltrated the building and set up a workshop inside a cavity under the Panthéon's dome.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

CatacombsEdit

File:Catacombes de Paris.jpg

Catacombs (France)

Catacombs such as those found in Paris,<ref>Template:Cite map</ref> Rome, Odessa, and Naples have been investigated by urban explorers. Some consider the Mines of Paris, comprising many of the tunnels that are not open to public tours, including the catacombs, the "Holy Grail" due to their extensive nature and history. Explorers of these spaces are known as cataphiles.

Sewers and storm drainsEdit

File:St Paul storm drain.jpg

Storm drain outfall in Saint Paul, Minnesota

Entry into storm drains, or "draining", is another common form of urban exploration. Groups devoted to the task have arisen, such as the Cave Clan and Darkside in Australia. Draining has a specialized set of guidelines, the foremost of which is "When it rains, no drains!", because the dangers of becoming entrapped, washed away, or killed increase dramatically during heavy rainfall.

A small subset of explorers enter sanitary sewers. Sometimes they are the only connection to caves or other subterranean features. Sewers are among the most dangerous locations to explore owing to the risk of poisoning by buildups of toxic gas (commonly methane, hydrogen sulfide, or carbon dioxide). Sewers can contain viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and parasitic worms. Protective equipment is recommended for people who enter sewers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Transit tunnelsEdit

File:DPS-01 and AS1A in D6 tunnel.jpg

Diesel trains in a tunnel of Metro-2 D6 line in Moscow, Russia

Exploring active and abandoned subway and railway tunnels, bores, and stations is often considered trespassing and can result in civil prosecution due to security concerns. As a result, this type of exploration is rarely publicized. An exception to this is the abandoned subway of Rochester, New York, the only American city with an abandoned subway system that was once operational. The Cincinnati subway is also abandoned but was never completed. London has a number of stations on the London Underground network that have been closed over the years, with Aldwych tube station a popular location for explorers.

Utility tunnelsEdit

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File:Schiffbau tunnel.jpg

Utility tunnel in the center of Zürich, Switzerland

Universities, and other large institutions, such as hospitals, often distribute hazardous superheated steam for heating or cooling buildings from a central heating plant. These pipes are generally run through utility tunnels, which are often intended to be accessible solely for the purposes of maintenance. Nevertheless, many of these steam tunnels, especially those on college campuses, have a tradition of exploration by students. This practice was once called "vadding" at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but students there now call it roof and tunnel hacking.

Some steam tunnels have dirt floors, poor lighting and temperatures above Template:Convert. Others have concrete floors, bright light, and more moderate temperatures. Most steam tunnels have large intake fans to bring in the fresh air and push the hot air out the back, and these may start without warning. Most active steam tunnels do not contain airborne asbestos, but proper breathing protection may be required for other respiratory hazards. Experienced explorers are very cautious inside active utility tunnels since pipes can spew boiling hot water or steam from leaky valves or pressure relief blow-offs. Often there are puddles of muddy water on the floor, making slips and falls a special concern near hot pipes.

Steam tunnels have generally been secured more heavily in recent years due to their frequent use for carrying communications network backbone cables, increased safety and liability concerns, and perceived risk of use in terrorist activities.

PopularityEdit

The rise in urban exploration's popularity can be attributed to increased media attention. Recent television shows such as Urban Explorers on the Discovery Channel, MTV's Fear, and the Ghost Hunting exploits of The Atlantic Paranormal Society have packaged the hobby for a popular audience. The fictional film After... (2006), a hallucinatory thriller set in Moscow's underground subways, features urban explorers caught up in extreme situations. Talks and exhibits on urban exploration have appeared at the fifth and sixth Hackers on Planet Earth Conference, complementing numerous newspaper articles and interviews.

Another source of popular information is Cities of the Underworld, a documentary series that ran for three seasons on the History Channel starting in 2007. This series roamed around the world, showing little-known underground structures in remote locales and right under the feet of densely packed city-dwellers. Websites for professional and hobby explorers have been developed to share tips and locations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

With the rise in the hobby's popularity, there has been increasing discussion of whether the extra attention has been beneficial.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LegalityEdit

File:Tunnel in Kyminlinna.JPG

A partially collapsed tunnel in the Kyminlinna fortress in Kotka, Finland

File:Hill 60 illowra battery port kembla.jpg

Hill 60 bunker. On the right is a corridor leading to the bunker complex, and on the left is the "mushroom tunnel".

The activity's growing popularity has resulted in increased attention not just from explorers but also from vandals and law enforcement. The illicit aspects of urban exploring, which may include trespassing and breaking and entering,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> have had critical attention in mainstream newspapers.<ref name="PPG_062008">Template:Cite news</ref> Sometimes, security or police of buildings can let explorers off with a warning, but can differ depending if explorers have caused destruction or fires.

In Australia, lawyers for the Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales shut down the Sydney Cave Clan's website after they raised concerns that the portal could "risk human safety and threaten the security of its infrastructure".<ref name="PPG_062008"/> Another website belonging to the Bangor Explorers Guild was criticized by the Maine State Police for encouraging behavior that "could get someone hurt or killed".<ref name="PPG_062008"/> Toronto Police, who have called for an "end" to rooftop photography in 2016, citing similar concerns about the possibility of death or injury.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Toronto Transit Commission has used the Internet to crimp subway tunnel explorations, going as far as to send investigators to various explorers' homes.<ref name="PPG_062008"/>

Jeff Chapman, who authored Infiltration, writes that genuine urban explorers "never vandalize, steal or damage anything". The thrill comes from "discovery and a few nice pictures".<ref name="PPG_062008"/> Some explorers also request permission for entry in advance.<ref name="legal">Template:Cite news</ref>

HazardsEdit

Storm drains are not designed with human access as their primary use and can be subject to flash flooding and poor air quality.

Many abandoned structures have hazards such as unstable structures, unsafe floors, broken glass, stray voltage, entrapment hazards, or unknown chemicals and other harmful substances (most notably asbestos). Other risks include freely roaming guard dogs and hostile squatters. Some abandoned locations may be heavily guarded by motion detectors and active security patrols, while others are more easily accessible and carry less risk of discovery.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Deaths from urban explorationEdit

Date	Location	Description
Template:Dts	Template:Flagicon Toronto, Canada	A 26-year-old man died in hospital two days after falling off a catwalk at the abandoned Richard L. Hearn Thermal Generating Station in Toronto. The man entered the building with a friend intending to take "artistic photographs" of the building.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Dts	Template:Flagicon Saint Paul, United States	A man was inside a tunnel along the Mississippi river when it began to rain heavily, and the rain swept him down the tunnel to the river. The man was found in the river and later died in hospital, having drowned.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Dts	Template:Flagicon Neman, Russia	It is thought that a 9-year-old boy fell Template:Convert from a spiral staircase to the ground inside the ruins of Ragnit Castle and died from his injuries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Dts	Template:Flagicon Brisbane, Australia	A man was kayaking through a storm water drain when he became trapped by rising water from heavy rain and drowned.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Dts	Template:Flagicon La Mulatière, France	An 18-year-old boy was on Mulatière railway bridge taking photos, when he fell from the bridge and died.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Dts	Template:Flagicon Chicago, United States	A Memphis photographer and urban explorer died after a 14-story fall off a hotel in Chicago while trespassing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Dts	Template:Flagicon Philadelphia, United States	A 30-year-old photographer and urban explorer died in Philadelphia after being swept away in a flash flood while exploring a storm drain.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Dts	Template:Flagicon Moscow, Russia	A 16-year-old boy was walking on the roof of a one-story abandoned building and was killed when the edge of the building collapsed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Dts	Template:Flagicon Totnes, United Kingdom	A 22-year-old man died after falling from the roof of an abandoned factory.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Dts	Template:Flagicon Moscow, Russia	A 34-year-old YouTuber suffered a fatal fall while filming a YouTube video in an abandoned building in Moscow.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

RooftoppingEdit

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Rooftopping in Hong Kong

Rooftopping and skywalking are the ascents of rooftops, cranes, antennas, smokestacks, etc., usually illegally, to get an adrenaline rush and take selfie photos or videos. Rooftopping differs from skywalking as the latter is mostly about taking panoramic photographs of the scene below, and safety is more important than the thrill.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rooftopping has been especially popular in Russia.<ref>Lucy Ash, Article in "BBC News" March 23, 2017</ref> Buildering has a similar goal as rooftopping and skywalking (to reach the roof), but involves climbing the building from the outside rather than infiltrating from the inside.

Methods and technologyEdit

Some urban explorers use action cameras such as GoPro or other helmet cameras for videos.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=scmp1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Some also use quadcopter drones for exploration and recording.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=scmp1/>

The location-based games Ingress<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the following Pokémon Go<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> based on the former have urban exploration elements. While some are concerned with keeping certain sites secret from the public at large, mainly to prevent vandalism, several apps dedicated to urban exploration exist.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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