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Urticaceae

Article Discussion

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The Urticaceae Template:IPAc-en are a family, the nettle family, of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus Urtica. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including nettles in the genus Urtica, ramie (Boehmeria nivea), māmaki (Pipturus albidus), and ajlai (Debregeasia saeneb).

The family includes about 2,625 species, grouped into 53 genera according to the database of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Christenhusz and Byng (2016).<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">Template:Cite journal</ref> The largest genera are Pilea (500 to 715 species), Elatostema (300 species), Urtica (80 species), and Cecropia (75 species). Cecropia contains many myrmecophytes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Urticaceae species can be found worldwide, apart from the polar regions.

DescriptionEdit

Urticaceae species can be shrubs (e.g. Pilea), lianas, herbs (e.g. Urtica, Parietaria), or, rarely, trees (Dendrocnide, Cecropia). Their leaves are usually entire and bear stipules. Urticating (stinging) hairs are often present. They have usually unisexual flowers and can be both monoecious or dioecious. They are wind-pollinated. Most disperse their pollen when the stamens are mature and their filaments straighten explosively, a peculiar and conspicuously specialised mechanism.

While the stings delivered by Urticaceae species are often unpleasant, they seldom pose any direct threat to health, and deaths directly attributed to stinging are exceedingly rare; species known to cause human fatalities include Dendrocnide cordata<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Urtica ferox.<ref>Poisonous native plants, Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</ref>

TaxonomyEdit

File:Urtica flowerdiagram.png
Male and female flower of Urtica

The APG II system puts the Urticaceae in the order Rosales, while older systems consider them part of the Urticales, along with Ulmaceae, Moraceae, and Cannabaceae. APG still considers "old" Urticales a monophyletic group, but does not recognise it as an order on its own.

Fossil recordEdit

The fossil record of Urticaceae is scattered and mostly based on dispersed fruits. Twelve species based on fossil achenes are known from the Late Cretaceous of Central Europe. Most were assigned to the extant genera Boehmeria (three species), Debregeasia (one species) and Pouzolzia (three species), while three species were assigned to the extinct genus Urticoidea.<ref name="Friis2011">Template:Cite book</ref> A Colombian fossil flora of the Maastrichtian stage has yielded leaves that resemble leaves of the tribe Ceropieae.<ref name="Treiber2016">Template:Cite journal</ref> In the Cenozoic fossil leaves from the Ypresian Allenby Formation preserve distinct trichomes, and have been attributed to the Tribe Urticeae in the fossil record. The leaves had originally been identified as Rubus by earlier workers on the Eocene Okanagan Highlands, but Devore et al (2020) interpreted the preserved hairs along the stem and major veins as stinging trichomes, rather than simple hairs or thorns.<ref name="DeVore2020">Template:Cite journal</ref>

PhylogenyEdit

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> (see also <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>):

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Tribes and generaEdit

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DiseasesEdit

The Urticaceae are subject to many bacterial, viral, fungal, and nematode parasitic diseases. Among them are:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Image galleryEdit

  • PileaCadierei.jpg

    Pilea cadierei

  • Pilea pumila2.JPG

    Pilea pumila

  • Poisonivy1.jpg

    Dendrocnide sp.

  • Elatostema umbellatum 2006.04.19 06.17.14-p4190208.jpg

    Elatostema umbellatum

  • Brennnessel 1.JPG

    Urtica dioica

  • Boehmeria nivea 1.jpg

    Boehmeria nivea

  • Parietaria judaica 000.jpg

    Parietaria judaica flowers

  • Nettle.jpg

    Urtica dioica stinging hairs

  • 咬人狗 Dendrocnide meyeniana 20221020185903 03.jpg

    Leaves of Dendrocnide meyeniana

  • 蕁麻(咬人貓) Urtica thunbergiana 20220406201651.jpg

    The dotted bumps on the leaves of Urtica thunbergiana

ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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