Uvarovite
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Uvarovite is a chromium-bearing garnet group species with the formula: Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3. It was discovered in 1832 by Germain Henri Hess who named it after Count Sergei Uvarov (1765–1855), a Russian statesman and amateur mineral collector.<ref name=Mindat/> It is classified in the ugrandite group alongside the other calcium-bearing garnets andradite and grossular.<ref name="winchel1933">Template:Cite book</ref>
Uvarovite is the rarest of the common members of the garnet group,<ref name="isaacs1965">Template:Cite journal</ref> and is the only consistently green garnet species, with an emerald-green color. It occurs as well-formed fine-sized crystals.
OccurrenceEdit
Uvarovite most commonly occurs in solid solution with grossular or andradite, and is generally found associated with serpentinite, chromite, metamorphic limestones, and skarn ore-bodies.<ref name="isaacs1965"/>
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Pendant in uvarovite, a rare bright-green garnet. The long dimension is 2 cm (0.8 inch)
The most significant source of uvarovite historically has been a now-closed copper mine at Outokumpu, Finland, from where most museum specimens have been collected.<ref name="cook1998">Template:Cite journal</ref> The uvarovite crystals found in the Outokumpu district are among a wide range of chromium-rich silicate phases found in association with volcanogenic copper-cobalt-zinc sulfide ore deposits which are known to have an unusually high chromium content.<ref name="treloar1987">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Uvarovite occurrences in the United States are predominantly found in the western portion of the country, including localities in New Mexico, Arizona, and California. In the eastern United States, uvarovite has been confirmed in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.<ref name="cook1998"/> The mineral has also been reported from eastern Cuba.<ref name="proenza1999">Template:Cite journal</ref> 9 grains of uvarovite occur in a heavy mineral fraction of bulk stream sediment HM-10 collected in Bunker Hill creek, below the historic Bunker Hill gold mine, south of Nelson in British Columbia Canada. Its source is likely near serpentinites and argillaceous limestones within about 450 m upstream of the silt site.<ref name="howard2016">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Notable localities in Europe besides the Outokumpu site known to bear uvarovite include Røros, Norway; Pitkyaranta, Russia; Val Malenco, Italy; Pico do Posets near Venasque, Spain; Kip Daglari, Turkey; and Biserk and Sarany, Russia.<ref name="cook1998"/> In Africa, uvarovite has been reported from the Bushveld Igneous Complex of Transvaal, South Africa<ref name="frankel1959">Template:Cite journal</ref> and from the Vumba Schist Belt in Botswana.<ref name="mogessierammlmair1994">Template:Cite journal</ref> In Asia, uvarovite has been reported from Taiwan.<ref name="wanandyeh1984">Template:Cite journal</ref> and Japan<ref name="bamba1969">Template:Cite journal</ref> In Australia, uvarovite has been reported from chromite deposits in southern New South Wales.<ref name="graham1995">Template:Cite journal</ref>
PropertiesEdit
Minerals in the uvarovite-grossular series are stable up to temperatures of 1410 °C at low pressure.<ref name="huckenholz1975">Template:Cite journal</ref>