Venera 1
Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:Infobox spaceflight
Venera 1 (Template:Langx meaning Venus 1), also known as Venera-1VA No.2 and occasionally in the West as Sputnik 8, was the first spacecraft to perform an interplanetary flight and the first to fly past Venus, as part of the Soviet Union's Venera programme.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Launched in February 1961, it was intended as an impactor, but flew past Venus on 19 May of the same year; however, radio contact with the probe was lost before the flyby, resulting in it returning no data.
SpacecraftEdit
Venera 1 was a Template:Convert probe consisting of a cylindrical body Template:Convert in diameter topped by a dome, totalling Template:Convert in height. This was pressurized to Template:Convert with dry nitrogen, with internal fans to maintain even distribution of heat.Template:Citation needed Two solar panels extended from the cylinder, charging a bank of silver-zinc batteries. A Template:Convert parabolic wire-mesh antenna was designed to send data from Venus to Earth on a frequency of 922.8 MHz. A Template:Convert antenna boom was used to transmit short-wave signals during the near-Earth phase of the mission. Semidirectional quadrupole antennas mounted on the solar panels provided routine telemetry and telecommand contact with Earth during the mission, on a circularly-polarized decimetre radio band.
The probe was equipped with scientific instruments including a flux-gate magnetometer attached to the antenna boom, two ion traps to measure solar wind, micrometeorite detectors, and Geiger counter tubes and a sodium iodide scintillator for measurement of cosmic radiation. An experiment attached to one solar panel measured temperatures of experimental coatings. Infrared and/or ultraviolet radiometers may have been included. The dome contained a KDU-414 engine used for mid-course corrections. Temperature control was achieved by motorized thermal shutters.
During most of its flight, Venera 1 was spin stabilized. It was the first spacecraft designed to perform mid-course corrections, by entering a mode of 3-axis stabilization, fixing on the Sun and the star Canopus. Had it reached Venus, it would have entered another mode of 3-axis stabilization, fixing on the Sun and Earth, and using for the first time a parabolic antenna to relay data.
LaunchEdit
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Venera 1 was the second of two attempts to launch a probe to Venus in February 1961, immediately following the launch of its sister ship Venera-1VA No.1,<ref name= "Chronology">NSSDC Chronology of Venus Exploration (NASA Goddard Space Center), accessed August 9, 2010</ref> which failed to leave Earth orbit due to the failure of a power transformer. The transformer was wrapped in foil and painted black and white for thermal reasons.<ref>https://habr.com/ru/articles/555132/</ref><ref name="Soviet Failures">NSSDC Tentatively Identified (Soviet) Missions and Launch Failures (NASA Goddard Space Center), accessed August 9, 2010</ref> Soviet experts launched Venera-1 using a Molniya carrier rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch took place at 00:34:36 GMT on 12 February 1961. Vehicle L1-6V steered downrange into a clear blue winter sky and orbit was successfully achieved.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The spacecraft, along with the rocket's Blok-L upper stage, was initially placed into a Template:Convert low Earth orbit,<ref name=":0"/> before the upper stage fired to place "Venera 1" into a heliocentric orbit, directed towards Venus. The 11D33 engine was the world's first staged-combustion-cycle rocket engine, and also the first use of an ullage engine to allow a liquid-fuel rocket engine to start in space.
FailureEdit
During the first telemetry session, it was found that Venera 1 failed to enter the constant solar orientation mode, which led to a shortage of electrical power on board. While unfortunate, this was expected and in such a case the station had to conduct a rough orientation to the Sun and turn off non-vital systems. However, the radio transmitters had not been adequately designed and communication was shortly lost. The signal was regained on 17 February but it was still unable to lock onto the Sun properly and again went into protective mode and turned off the transmitter. Three successful telemetry sessions were conducted, gathering solar-wind and cosmic-ray data near Earth, at the Earth's magnetopause, and on February 19 at a distance of Template:Convert. After discovering the solar wind with Luna 2, Venera 1 provided the first verification that this plasma was uniformly present in deep space. Seven days later, the next scheduled telemetry session failed to occur. On May 19, 1961, Venera 1 passed within Template:Convert of Venus. With the help of the British radio telescope at Jodrell Bank, some weak signals from Venera 1 may have been detected in June. Soviet engineers believed that Venera 1 failed due to the overheating of a solar-direction sensor.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Template:Venera Template:Venus spacecraft Template:Orbital launches in 1961