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Victoria Ocampo

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Ramona Victoria Epifanía Rufina Ocampo Template:Post-nominals (7 April 1890 – 27 January 1979)<ref name="WIWH" /> was an Argentine writer and intellectual. Best known as an advocate for others and as publisher of the literary magazine Sur, she was also a writer and critic in her own right and one of the most prominent South American women of her time. Her sister was Silvina Ocampo, also a writer. She was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature on 1970 and 1974.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

BiographyEdit

File:Villa Ocampo.jpg
Villa Ocampo, the writer's San Isidro home, now a cultural center

Born Ramona Victoria Epifanía Rufina Ocampo in Buenos Aires into a high-society family, she was educated at home by a French governess. She later wrote: "the alphabet-book in which I learned to read was French, as was the hand that taught me to draw those first letters."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="villaocampo"/>

She is sometimes said to have attended the Sorbonne: on page 39 of her biography of Ocampo, Doris Meyer states that, during the family's 1906–1907 trip to Paris, the same during which she was etched by Paul César Helleu, the Ocampos allowed 17-year-old Victoria, "well-chaperoned," to audit some lectures at the Sorbonne and at the Collège de France. She remembered particularly enjoying Henri Bergson's lectures at the latter. She never matriculated at either. Her old traditional wealthy family frowned on formal education for women, so she had little. In 1912, Ocampo married Bernando de Estrada (also known as Monaco Estrada). The marriage was not happy; the couple separated in 1920, and Ocampo began a long–lasting affair with her husband's cousin Julián Martínez, a diplomat.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="villaocampo">Victoria Ocampo's Chronology, villaocampo.org; accessed 25 December 2016.</ref>

In Buenos Aires, she was a lynchpin of the intellectual scene of the 1920s and 1930s. Her first book, written in French, was De Francesca à Beatrice (Template:Circa 1923), a commentary on Dante's Divine Comedy. Other works include Domingos en Hyde Park; El Hamlet de Laurence Olivier; Emily Brontë (Terra incógnita); a series called Testimonios (ten volumes); Virginia Woolf, Orlando y Cía; San Isidro; 338171 T.E. (Lawrence of Arabia)–a biography of T. E. Lawrence–and a posthumously published autobiography. There is also an edited book of dialogues between Ocampo and Jorge Luis Borges.<ref name="villaocampo"/>

Ocampo corresponded with Virginia Woolf throughout 1930s; the two writers met multiple times,<ref>Nigel Nicolson, ed., The Letters of Virginia Woolf, London, Hogarth Press, 1975–80, letters 3128, 3304, 3445, 3450, 3453, 3477, 3478, 3516, 3528.</ref> and their friendship ended in London in June 1939 when Ocampo invited a photographer friend, Gisele Freund, to take Woolf's picture, who famously disliked appearing in photographs.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Perhaps of greater significance than her own writing, she was founder (1931) and publisher of the magazine Sur, the most important literary magazine of its time in Latin America. Among the writers published in Sur were Borges, Ernesto Sabato, Adolfo Bioy Casares, Julio Cortázar, José Ortega y Gasset, Manuel Peyrou, Albert Camus, Enrique Anderson Imbert, José Bianco, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Pierre Drieu La Rochelle, Waldo Frank, Gabriela Mistral, Eduardo Mallea, and her own younger sister Silvina Ocampo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1935, Ocampo expressed some approval for Benito Mussolini with whom she was granted an interview in March of that year in Rome, hailing him then as a "genius" and Caesar reborn.<ref>Victoria Ocampo, "Living History", in Against the Wind and the Tide, ed. Doris Meyer, University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, 1990, p. 217</ref> "I have seen Italy in blossom turn its face towards him."<ref>Victoria Ocampo, "Living History", in Against the Wind and the Tide, ed. Doris Meyer, University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, 1990, p. 222</ref> However, she was never a convinced fascist sympathizer, and expressed disapproval of Mussolini's conservative views on gender roles and the regime's growing militarism.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> By the time her interview with Mussolini was published in August 1936, Italy had invaded Abyssinia and Ocampo appended a note to it declaring that any hope that the fascist regime might improve was lost and criticized those in Argentina who supported Italy's belligerence.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Sur equipment.jpg
The Sur editorial team in 1961: Ocampo, in the center, between Adolfo Bioy Casares, Alicia Jurado and Jorge Luis Borges.

In 1937, Ocampo and the editors of Sur came out openly against fascism and definitively linked the journal with liberalism.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During the Spanish Civil War, the magazine sided with the Republicans.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She supported and edited from Argentina, in collaboration with her friend and translator Pelegrina Pastorino, the anti-Nazi magazine Les Lettres Francaises, directed by Roger Caillois; and in 1946 she was the only Argentine who attended the Nuremberg Trials. A few months before World War II, in 1939, Ocampo was appointed to the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations, but did not participate in its works.<ref>Template:Cite thesis p. 290.</ref> In 1953, she was briefly imprisoned for her open opposition to the government of Juan Domingo Perón.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Ocampo was made a member of the Argentine Academy of Letters in 1976. She was the first woman ever admitted to the Academy, and she formally took her seat on 23 June 1977. The "cultural dialog," initiated in 1977 by the de facto government but organized by UNESCO, was held in her home, Villa Ocampo, in San Isidro, Buenos Aires Province; she eventually donated the house to UNESCO in 1973.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

At Villa Ocampo, her guests included Igor Stravinsky, André Malraux and Rabindranath Tagore, also Indira Gandhi, José Ortega y Gasset, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Saint-John Perse, Ernest Ansermet and Rafael Alberti. Graham Greene dedicated his 1973 novel The Honorary Consul to her, "with love, and in memory of the many happy weeks I have passed at San Isidro and Mar del Plata."

Victoria Ocampo died in Buenos Aires in 1979, and is buried in La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Literary WorksEdit

TestimonialsEdit

  • Testimonios, 1.ª serie ("Testimonials, 1st series": 1935)
  • Testimonios, 2.ª serie ("Testimonials, 2nd series": 1941)
  • Testimonios, 3.ª serie ("Testimonials, 3rd series": 1950)
  • Testimonios, 4.ª serie ("Testimonials, 4th series": 1950)
  • Testimonios, 5.ª serie ("Testimonials, 5th series": 1954)
  • Testimonios, 6.ª serie ("Testimonials, 6th series": 1962)
  • Testimonios, 7.ª serie ("Testimonials, 7th series": 1967)
  • Testimonios, 8.ª serie ("Testimonials, 8th series": 1971)
  • Testimonios, 9.ª serie ("Testimonials, 9th series": 1975)
  • Testimonios, 10.ª serie ("Testimonials, 10th series": 1998)

AutobiographyEdit

  • Autobiografía I: El archipiélago ("Autobiography I: The Archipelago", 1979)
  • Autobiografía II: El imperio insular ("Autobiography II: The Island Empire", 1980)
  • Autobiografía III: La rama de Salzburgo ("Autobiography III: The Salzburg Branch", 1981)
  • Autobiografía IV: Viraje ("Autobiography IV: Turning", 1982)
  • Autobiografía V: Figuras simbólicas ("Autobiography V: Symbolic Figures", 1983)
  • Autobiografía VI: Sur y Cía ("Autobiography VI: Sur y Cía", 1984)

Essays and Non-fictionsEdit

  • De Francesca a Beatrice ("From Francesca to Beatrice", 1924 and 1963; with a prologue by José Ortega y Gasset)
  • La laguna de los nenúfares ("The Water Lily Lagoon", 1926)
  • Domingos en Hyde Park ("Sundays in Hyde Park", 1936)
  • San Isidro (with a poem by Silvina Ocampo and 68 photographs by Gustavo Thorlichen, 1941)
  • Le Vert Paradis (1947)
  • Henry V y Laurence Olivier ("Henry V and Lawrence Olivier, 1947)
  • Lawrence d'Arabia (published in French and English, 1947)
  • El viajero y una de sus sombras ("The Traveler and One of His Shadows", 1951)
  • Lawrence de Arabia y otros ensayos ("Lawrence of Arabia and Other Essays", 1951)
  • Virginia Woolf en su diario ("Virginia Woolf in Her Diary", 1954)
  • Habla el algarrobo: luz y sonido ("The Carob Tree Speaks: Light and Sound", 1959)
  • Tagore en las barrancas de San Isidro ("Tagore in the San Isidro Ravines", 1961)
  • Juan Sebastián Bach, El hombre ("Juan Sebastian Bach, The Man", 1964)
  • La bella y sus enamorados ("The Beauty and Her Lovers", 1964)
  • Diálogo con Borges ("Dialogue with Borges", 1969)
  • Diálogo con Mallea ("Dialogue with Mallea", 1969)
  • Páginas dispersas de Victoria Ocampo ("Scattered Pages of Victoria Ocampo", 1987)

TranslationsEdit

HonorsEdit

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BiopicsEdit

  • Her life was portrayed in a film for TV in 1984 "Four Faces of Victoria", directed by Oscar Barney Finn with four actresses playing the different ages of Victoria (Carola Reyna, Nacha Guevara, Julia von Grolman and China Zorrilla).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Her attitude and political views were depicted in Monica Ottino's theater play Eva and Victoria, an imaginary confrontation between the young Eva Perón and the elderly Victoria. The play ran successfully during the eighties with Soledad Silveyra as Eva and China Zorrilla as Victoria.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

  • Chiappini, Julio: Victoria Ocampo. Biografía, Rosario, Editorial Fas, 2012; 2 vol.
  • Meyer, Doris: Victoria Ocampo: Against the Wind and the Tide (Texas Pan-American Series paperback, University of Texas Press, reprint edition, 1990). Originally published New York, George Brazillier, 1978. Re-issue Template:ISBN.
  • Dyson, Ketaki Kushari: In Your Blossoming Flower Garden: Rabindranath Tagore and Victoria Ocampo, New Delhi, Sahitya Akademi, 1988; reprinted 1996. Template:ISBN.
  • Bassnett, Susan, 1990 (ed.): Knives and Angels: Women Writers in Latin America. London/New Jersey: Zed Books.
  • Stephenson, Craig E.: The Correspondence of Victoria Ocampo, Count Keyserling and C.G. Jung: Writing to the Woman Who Was Everything, Abingdon, New York 2023; ISBN 978-1-032-20955-5

External linksEdit

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