Vltava
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Infobox river
The Vltava (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell,<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>"Vltava" (US) and Template:Cite dictionary</ref><ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is the longest river in the Czech Republic, a left tributary of the Elbe River. It runs southeast along the Bohemian Forest and then north across Bohemia, through Český Krumlov, České Budějovice, and Prague. It is commonly referred to as the "Czech national river".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
EtymologyEdit
Both the Czech name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and the German name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are believed to originate from the old Germanic words {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'wild water' (compare Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (872 AD) it is called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; from 1113 AD it is attested as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. In the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (1125 AD) it is attested for the first time in its Bohemian form, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CourseEdit
The Vltava originates by a confluence of two rivers, the Teplá Vltava, which is longer, and the Studená Vltava, originating in Bavaria. From a water management point of view, the Vltava and Teplá Vltava are one river with single numbering of river kilometres. The Teplá Vltava originates in the territory of Kvilda in the Bohemian Forest at an elevation of Template:Cvt, on the slope of the Černá hora mountain. Together with the Teplá Vltava, the Vltava is Template:Convert long. Without the Teplá Vltava, the Vltava is Template:Convert long. The river flows north across Bohemia, through Český Krumlov, České Budějovice and Prague. It merges with the Elbe River at Mělník at an elevation of Template:Cvt. The height difference from source to mouth is Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Vltava River drains an area of Template:Convert in size, over half of Bohemia and about a third of the Czech Republic's entire territory.Template:GeoQuelle The waters ultimately drain to the North Sea.
As it runs through Prague, the river is crossed by 18 bridges (including the Charles Bridge) and covers Template:Convert within the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The water from the river was used for drinking until 1912 when the Vinohrady Water Tower ceased pumping operations, and is now a place to view the city.<ref name=stove>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is, however, the source of drinking water in case of failures of or repairs to the water supply from the Želivka and Kárané sources. The Podolí water processing plant is on standby for such cases with the long section of the river upstream of the Podolí plant under the stricter, second degree of pollution prevention regulations.
Along its course, the river receives many tributaries. The longest tributaries of the Vltava are:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Tributary | Length (km) | River km | Side |
|---|---|---|---|
| Berounka | 244.6 | 63.4 | left |
| Sázava | 225.9 | 78.3 | right |
| Lužnice | 197.9 | 202.2 | right |
| Otava | 134.8 | 169.1 | left |
| Malše | 96.0 | 240.0 | right |
| Mastník | 49.5 | 104.6 | right |
| Kocába | 47.7 | 82.8 | left |
| Bakovský potok | 44.6 | 13.7 | left |
| Bezdrevský potok | 43.1 | 231.0 | left |
| Rokytka | 37.2 | 47.4 | right |
| Botič | 33.8 | 55.2 | right |
| Polečnice | 32.8 | 281.3 | left |
| Křemžský potok | 31.8 | 258.5 | left |
From a strict hydrological point of view, it is the Elbe upstream of Mělník that is a tributary of the Vltava rather than the other way around, owing to the Vltava's longer distance upstream (Template:Convert against Template:Convert of the Elbe), greater discharge, and larger drainage basin; however, since at the confluence point the Elbe flows through the main valley in a straight line, relative to which the Vltava flows at a right angle, the combined river downstream is identified as the Elbe.
Edit
Between the confluence with the Elbe at Mělník and Prague, the river is navigable by vessels of up to Template:Convert displacement. Most of the river upstream of Prague as far as České Budějovice is navigable by craft of up to Template:Convert displacement, but such vessels cannot pass the dams at Orlík and Slapy, and are also restricted by a low bridge at Týn nad Vltavou. Work is planned to complete boat lifts, planned for but never completed, at the two dams, and to rebuild the bridge, in order for them to navigate throughout. Much smaller craft, of up to Template:Convert displacement and under Template:Convert beam and Template:Convert air draft, can avoid these obstacles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Upstream of České Budějovice, the river's section around Český Krumlov (specifically from Vyšší Brod to Boršov nad Vltavou) is a very popular destination for water tourism.<ref>Along the River Branna Nove Spoli - vltava-river.com</ref><ref>American in Prague (2018 webpage)</ref>
DamsEdit
Nine hydroelectric dams have been built on the Vltava south of Prague to regulate the water flow and generate hydroelectric power, starting in the 1930s. Beginning at the headwaters, these are: Lipno, Lipno II, Hněvkovice, Kořensko, Orlík, Kamýk, Slapy, Štěchovice and Vrané. The Orlík Reservoir supports the largest reservoir on the Vltava by volume, while the Lipno Reservoir retains the largest reservoir by area. The Štěchovice Reservoir is built over the site of St John's Rapids.
The river also features numerous weirs that help mitigate its flow from Template:Convert in elevation at its source near the German border to Template:Convert at its mouth in Mělník.
FloodsEdit
The Vltava basin has flooded multiple times throughout recorded history. Markers have been created along the banks denoting the water line for notable floods in 1784, 1845, 1890, 1940, and the highest of all in 2002.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=floodingInPrague>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In August of 2002, the basin was heavily affected by the 2002 European floods when the flooded river killed several people and caused massive damage and disruption along its length, including in Prague. It left the oldest bridge in Prague, Charles Bridge, seriously weakened, requiring years of work to repair.<ref name="floodingInPrague"/>
Prague was again flooded in 2013. Many locations within the Vltava and Elbe basins were left under water, including the Prague Zoo, but metal barriers were erected along the banks of the Vltava to help protect the historic city centre.<ref name="BBC" >{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="RadioPraha">Template:Cite news</ref>
References in culture and scienceEdit
In the classic narrative of the golem in Jewish folklore, the mystic Judah Loew ben Bezalel made the artificial giant "out of clay from the banks of the Vltava River and brought it to life through rituals and Hebrew incantations to defend the Prague ghetto from antisemitic attacks and pogroms."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
One of the best-known works of classical music by a Czech composer is Bedřich Smetana's Vltava, sometimes called The Moldau in English. It is from the Romantic era of classical music and is a musical description of the river's course through Bohemia.
Smetana's symphonic poem also inspired a song of the same name by Bertolt Brecht. An English version of it, by John Willett, features the lyrics Deep down in the Moldau the pebbles are shifting / In Prague three dead emperors moulder away.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Vltava River has been used as the setting for a number of films, including the 1942 Czech drama The Great Dam. More recently, the Vltava has been used as a film location for such films as Amadeus in 1984 and Mission: Impossible in 1996.
A minor planet, 2123 Vltava, discovered in 1973 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, is named after the river.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>