Voiced retroflex approximant
Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA
The voiced retroflex approximant is a type of consonant used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\`. The IPA symbol is a turned lowercase letter r with a rightward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter.
The velar bunched approximant found in some varieties of Dutch and American English sounds similar to the retroflex approximant but it has a very different articulation.
FeaturesEdit
Features of the voiced retroflex approximant:
Template:Approximant Template:Retroflex Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic
OccurrenceEdit
| Family | Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sinitic | Chinese | Mandarin | lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} | [ɻ̺͢ɻ̺̞̍˥˩ku̯ɑ͢ŋ˥] | 'sunlight' | Apical.<ref>Template:Cite conference</ref> As an initial in free variation between fricative and approximant, but never has friction as strong as a true fricative (Chinese "fully muddy"/全浊-class) to trigger a (free or conditional) devoicing or postvoicing into /ʐ̥ʱ/, nor weak enough to become an apical vowel. As a rime it is an apical vowel that is frequently coarticulated with a close near-back unrounded vowel /ɨ̟/ (thus phonetically {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, but this phonetic representation should be avoided as the tie-bar for coarticulation may be misunderstood as a sliding into an erhua rhotic vowel, a phonemically distinct syllable in Chinese), but it can be prolonged indefinitely and never truly developed into an /ɨ̟/. Both the consonant and the vowel may gain some friction especially when prolonged to force a more "distinct/clear" effect in teaching or when swearing, and thus it may be inaccurately transcribed as fricative Template:IPAblink both as initial and as rime (when precision is necessary, a true fricative in Wu Chinese may be transcribed as [ʐ̥ʱ], as that is how it is pronounced in the first syllable). See Standard Chinese phonology.
The character 日 (sun), when pronounced with an overall strengthened friction (on both z and ɿ), may likely be understood as a profanity,Template:Which thus pronouncing as an approximant is important; but the two do not form a minimal pair, because the profanity can also be pronounced with little friction (though in some other dialects they further evolved to form a minimal pair). |
| Nungish | Derung | Tvrung | [tə˧˩ɻuŋ˥˧] | 'Derung' | ||
| Germanic | English | Some American dialects | red | {{#invoke:IPA|main}} | 'red' | Labialized (pronounced with lips rounded). See Pronunciation of English /r/ |
| Some Hiberno-English dialects | ||||||
| Some West Country English | ||||||
| Arnhem | Enindhilyagwa | lang}} | main}} | 'fire' | ||
| Germanic | FaroeseTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} | main}} | 'heard' | main}}.Template:Sfnp Sometimes voiceless Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Faroese phonology | |
| Hellenic | Greek | Cretan (Sfakia and Mylopotamos variations) regionTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} Template:Transliteration | main}} | 'milk' | Intervocalic allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Recessive. See Modern Greek phonology |
| Eskimo-Aleut | Inuktitut | Nattilingmiutut | lang}} | main}} | 'she replies' | |
| Dravidian | Malayalam | lang}}/{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/āḻam | main}} | 'depth' | ||
| Mapudungun | MapucheTemplate:Sfnp | lang}} | main}} | 'flower' | main}}; may be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp | |
| Romance | Portuguese | Many Centro-Sul registers | lang}} | main}} | 'letters' | Allophone of rhotic consonants (and sometimes {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) in the syllable coda. Mainly<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> found in rural São Paulo, Paraná, south of Minas Gerais and surrounding areas, with the more common and prestigious realization in metropolitan areas being Template:IPAblink and/or rhotic vowel instead. As with Template:IPAblink, it appeared as a mutation of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref><ref>Template:In lang Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analisis. Template:Webarchive Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)</ref><ref>Template:In lang Callou, Dinah. Leite, Yonne. "Iniciação à Fonética e à Fonologia". Jorge Zahar Editora 2001, p. 24</ref> See Portuguese phonology. |
| Caipira | lang}} | main}} | 'rainstorm' | |||
| Conservative Piracicabano | lang}} | main}} | 'thankful' (m.) | |||
| Dravidian | TamilTemplate:Sfnp | lang}}/Tamiḻ | Template:Audio-IPA | 'Tamil' | See Tamil phonology. May be merged with Template:IPAblink for some modern speakers. | |
| Pama-Nyungan | Western Desert | Pitjantjatjara dialect | lang}} | main}} | 'Uluru' | |
| Isolate | Yaghan | lang}} | main}} | 'cave' | ||