Voiced uvular trill

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA

The voiced uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, a small capital version of the Latin letter r. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R.

FeaturesEdit

Features of the voiced uvular trill:

Template:Trill Unlike in tongue-tip trills, it is the uvula, not the tongue, that vibrates.Template:Sfnp Template:Uvular Template:Voiced Template:Oral Template:Central articulation Template:Pulmonic

OccurrenceEdit

File:Uvular rhotics in Europe.png

main}}) in Europe in the mid-20th century.<ref>Map based on Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend

There are two main hypotheses regarding the origination of the uvular trill in European languages. According to one hypothesis, the uvular trill originated in Standard French around the 17th century and spread to the standard varieties of German, Danish, Portuguese, and some of those of Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish. It is also present in other areas of Europe, but it is not clear if such pronunciations are due to French influence.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, citing Template:Harvcoltxt, Template:Harvcoltxt, and Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> In most cases, varieties have shifted the sound to a voiced uvular fricative Template:IPAblink or a voiced uvular approximant Template:IPAblink.

The other main hypothesis is that the uvular R originated within Germanic languages by the weakening of the alveolar R, which was replaced by an imitation of the alveolar R (vocalisation).Template:Sfnp Against the "French origin" hypothesis, it is said that there are many signs that the uvular R existed in some German dialects long before the 17th century.Template:Sfnp

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans	Parts of the former Cape Province Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'red'	May be a fricative Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic	North Mesopotamian	lang}}	[ˈqʌmʌʀ]	'moon'	Corresponds to [r, ɾ] in most other varieties. See Arabic phonology
Breton	Kerneveg	lang}}	[bʀoː]	'country'	Corresponds to [r~ʁ] in standard Breton. See Breton phonology
Catalan	Some northern dialectsTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'to run'	See Catalan phonology
Dutch Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	Belgian Limburg Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'red'	More commonly a flap.Template:Sfnp Uvular pronunciations appear to be gaining ground in the Randstad.Template:Sfnp Realization of {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
	Central NetherlandsTemplate:Sfnp
	Randstad Template:Sfnp
	Southern NetherlandsTemplate:Sfnp
	Flemish Brabant Template:Sfnp				More commonly a flap.Template:Sfnp It is one of the least common realizations of {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} in these areas.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
	Northern NetherlandsTemplate:Sfnp
	West Flanders Template:Sfnp
Estonian	Some speakers, mostly in Tartu County	lang}}	[kuʀk]	'cucumber'
English	Cape Flats Template:Sfnp	red	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'red'	main}}; may be {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} instead.Template:Sfnp See South African English phonology
	Northumbrian dialect Template:Sfnp				More often a fricative.Template:Sfnp Dialectal "Northumbrian Burr", mostly found in eastern Northumberland, declining. See English phonology
	Sierra Leonean Template:Sfnp				More often a fricative.Template:Sfnp
French Template:Sfnp		lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'rendezvous', 'appointment'	Dialectal. More commonly an approximant or a fricative Template:IPAblink. See French phonology
German	Standard Template:Sfnp	lang}}	{{#ifexist:Media:De-rot.ogg\|<phonos file="De-rot.ogg">[ʀoːt]</phonos>\|{{errorTemplate:Main other\|Audio file "De-rot.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handler}}}}	'red'	In free variation with a voiced uvular fricative and approximant. Can be realized as voiceless after voiceless consonants. See Standard German phonology
Hebrew		lang}}	main}}	'green'	May also be a fricative or approximant. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Italian Template:Sfnp	Some speakersTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'rare'	Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill Template:IPAblink, due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (bordering with German-speaking Austria), Aosta Valley (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a voiced uvular fricative Template:IPAblink or a labiodental approximant Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Italian phonology.
Japreria		peŕo	main}}	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Contrasts with flap [ɾ], represented orthographically by ŕ.
Judaeo-Spanish		lang}}	main}}	'woman', 'wife'
Low Saxon	Zwols<ref>The guttural r is used in some other cities in the Low Saxon area as well.</ref><ref>Zuid-Drente en Noord-Overijssel. Zwolle. Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen deel 14 (1982).</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'prices'	Only in the city and its immediate surroundings, not in the area surrounding Zwolle.
Luxembourgish Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'silence'	main}}.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
Occitan	Eastern	lang}}	main}}	'oak'	main}} 'cured')
	Provençal	lang}}	main}}	'parts'	See Occitan phonology
	Southern Auvergnat	lang}}	main}}	'son'
	Southeastern Limousin	lang}}	main}}	'son'
Norwegian	Southern dialects	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'strange'	Either an approximant or a fricative. See Norwegian phonology
Norwegian	Southwestern dialects	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'strange'
Portuguese	European Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'to get scarcer'	Alternates with other uvular forms and the older alveolar trill. See Portuguese phonology
	Fluminense<ref name=gel>Acoustic analysis of vibrants in Brazilian Portuguese Template:In lang</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'market', 'fair'	Tendency to be replaced by fricative pronunciations. In coda position, it is generally in free variation with Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink before non-voicing environments.
	Sulista<ref name=gel/>	lang}}	main}}	'cabbage'	Alternates with the alveolar trill and Template:IPAblink depending on the region. Never used in coda.
Romani	Some dialects	lang}}	main}}	'man'	main}}. A coronal flap, approximant or trill in other dialects; in some it merges with {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}
Selkup	Northern dialects	ӄаӄри	main}}	'sledge'	main}} before liquids
Sioux	Lakota Template:Sfnp<ref>Lakota Language Consortium (2004). Lakota letters and sounds.</ref>	ǧí	main}}	'it's brown'	main}} before {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}
Sotho	Regional variant	lang}}	main}}	'hair'	Imported from French missionaries. See Sesotho phonology
Swedish	Southern<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'fox'	See Swedish phonology
Yiddish	Standard<ref name="kleine">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'bridge'	More commonly a flap Template:IPAblink; can be alveolar {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} instead.<ref name="kleine"/> See Yiddish phonology

NotesEdit

Template:Reflist

ReferencesEdit

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

External linksEdit

Template:Phoible

Template:IPA navigation Template:LetterR