Volodymyr Lytvyn

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Ivan (b. 1989)<ref>Rada Elects Volodymyr Lytvyn Template:Dead link, Ukrainian News Agency (December 9, 2008)</ref>

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Volodymyr Mykhailovych Lytvyn (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; born April 28, 1956) is a Ukrainian politician best known for being Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, the Ukrainian parliament. Having previously served in that position from 2002 until 2006, he was re-elected in December 2008 after his party agreed to join the former coalition of Yulia Tymoshenko in an expanded capacity and stayed Chairman until December 2012.<ref name=VRVRCR/><ref>[1] Template:Dead link Template:Cbignore</ref> From 1994 to 1999, Lytvyn was the aide to President Leonid Kuchma and, later, the head of his office.

Early biography and private lifeEdit

Lytvyn was born in Sloboda-Romanivska village in the Novohrad-Volynskyi Raion of the Zhytomyr Oblast. Lytvyn graduated from the Kyiv University (Faculty of History) in 1978. In 1984, he defended his dissertation "Efforts of the Communist Party of Ukraine in improving the preparation of teachers in social disciplines".

Lytvyn started his career at the Kyiv State University (1978−86), then he worked as Head of Directorate in the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Vocational Training of the Ukrainian SSR (1986−89). Between 1989 and 1991 he worked as a political analyst at the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, the Ukrainian branch of CPSU.

Lytvyn is a correspondent member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Honored Worker of Sciences and Technology of Ukraine. However, in 2002 he was publicly and reasonably accused of plagiarizing a Western scholar when writing his article to Dzerkalo Tyzhnia newspaper.

He is married to Tetyana Kostyantynivna (born 1960), an economist. Their daughter Olena (born 1982) is a beauty industry entrepreneur, and their son Ivan (born 1989) is a student.Template:Citation needed

Lytvyn's hobbies include reading, football, and taking care of dalmatian dogs.

Political careerEdit

Head of the Presidential AdministrationEdit

In 1994, Lytvyn became the aide to the newly elected President Leonid Kuchma.<ref>Lytvyn manages to keep foothold in power despite his close ties to Kuchma, questions about his past, Kyiv Post (January 14, 2010)</ref> In 1999, he was appointed as the head of the Presidential Administration.

Gongadze murderEdit

During the Cassette Scandal audiotapes were released on which Kuchma, Lytvyn and other top-level administration officials are allegedly heard discussing the need to silence Georgiy Gongadze for his online news reports about high-level corruption.<ref name=KP>Key suspect in Gongadze murder arrested; Pukach allegedly strangled journalist, but who gave the order? (UPDATED), Kyiv Post, (July 22, 2009)</ref> Gongadze's decapitated body was found in the suburbs of Kyiv in November 2000.<ref name=KP/> In 2000, Mykola Melnychenko released a secretly-taped recording allegedly of a conversation between Kuchma and Lytvyn in which the two discussed getting rid of Gongadze. Lytvyn is alleged to have said that Kuchma should "let loose [Interior Minister] Kravchenko to use alternative methods" on Gongadze. Lytvyn denied the allegation, saying that the tape was a fabrication. Independent experts who have analysed the tapes are divided as to their authenticity. Gongadze was found beheaded in a shallow grave in 2000. In 2005, Kravchenko was found dead with two bullets in his head. Official investigations concluded that he had committed suicide and that he had ordered Gongadze's murder. Lytvyn stated "The investigation confirmed my innocence in this case, despite the fact that efforts have been, are being and will be taken to make me practically the main person accused [of killing the journalist]".<ref>Ukraine: don’t ask who killed Georgiy Gongadze, Opendemocracy.net</ref>

During the 2011—2013 trial of Oleksiy Pukach, Pukach claimed that (former) Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma and Lytvyn (at the time of the murder Kuchma's head of his Presidential Administration) had ordered the murder of Gongadze.<ref name=KPR29113PGC>Court sentences Pukach to life for murdering Gongadze, disregards claims against Kuchma, Lytvyn, Kyiv Post (29 January 2013)
Ukraine police officer accuses ex-president after being jailed for life, Reuters (29 January 2013)
Gongadze killer pointed on Kuchma and Lytvyn. "LIGABusinessInform". 2013-1-29</ref><ref>Former policeman 'carried out Georgiy Gongadze murder on behalf of Leonid Kuchma', Telegraph.co.uk (1 September 2011)</ref>

Parliamentary careerEdit

File:Lyty + Demi.jpg

Lytvyn meeting with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in December 2008.

In 2002, Lytvyn was elected to Verkhovna Rada as the head of the party bloc For United Ukraine ("Za edynu Ukrainu"). He became the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (speaker) of the legislature as a compromising figure among the parliamentary factions.

Lytvyn refused to take part in the presidential election of 2004 despite his significant political influence.

Lytvyn's brother, Mykola Lytvyn was the chief of Ukraine's Border Guard.

Lytvyn is known for his ironic political expressions. One of his best-known sentences is "I do not protest at forming an artificial majority in our parliament. But I want this majority to include every member of parliament."

At the parliamentary elections on March 26, 2006, his Lytvyn's People's Bloc won 2.44% of the popular vote and no seats since it did not meet the 3 percent threshold. Lytvyn's allies (together with other parties) declared the voting results forged, filing a court suit and starting a public campaign. However, Lytvyn himself avoids press and shows deep disappointment since the results announced. Elected vice-chairman NAN.

In the early parliamentary election held on September 30, 2007, the Lytvyn Bloc (renamed from Lytvyn's People's Bloc) consisted of the People's Party and the Labour Party. The bloc placed fifth<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with 20 out of 450 seats.

2010 presidential election, and 2012–14 parliamentary electionsEdit

On December 6, 2009, Mykola Melnychenko, former bodyguard to Kuchma, accused Lytvyn of ordering the murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze in 2000. A spokesperson for Lytvyn dismissed the claims as part of the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election campaign.<ref>Former guard accuses parliament speaker of Gongadze murder, Kyiv Post (December 8, 2009)</ref> During the election Lytvyn received 2,35% of the votes.<ref>Template:In lang ЦВК оприлюднила офіційні результати 1-го туру виборів, Gazeta.ua (January 25, 2010)</ref>

Lytvyn took part in the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election as a People's Party candidate in single-member districts number 65 (first-past-the-post wins a parliament seat) located in Narodychi Raion.<ref>Template:In lang Одномандатний виборчий округ №65 Single-mandate constituency № 65, Central Election Commission of Ukraine</ref><ref>Strange Familiar Faces, The Ukrainian Week (15 September 2012)</ref> He won a parliamentary seat by winning this constituency.<ref name=Ukrelct2012resCECU>Template:In lang Proportional votes Template:Webarchive & Constituency seats Template:Webarchive, Central Election Commission of Ukraine</ref> Lytvyn did not join any parliamentary faction after taking his seat.<ref name="LIGAB Volodymyr Lytvyn">Template:In lang/(website has automatic Google Translate option) Short biography of Volodymyr Lytvyn, LIGA</ref>

In the 2014 parliamentary election Lytvyn was re-elected into parliament as an independent candidate in electoral district 65 located in Zviahel with 41.48% of the votes.<ref name="resultsOkurs14">Data on vote counting at precincts within single-mandate districts Extraordinary parliamentary election on 26.10.2014 Template:Webarchive, Central Election Commission of Ukraine
Template:In lang Candidates and winners for the seat of the constituencies in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election Template:Webarchive, RBK Ukraine</ref> In parliament, he joined the parliamentary group People's Will until he was asked to leave it on 19 October 2017.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

2019 parliamentary elections and end of political careerEdit

In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election Lytvyn lost his parliamentary seat after losing his constituency.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He gained 25.65% of the votes, while the winner Dmytro Kostiuk of the Servant of the People party scored 35.73%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In March 2021 Lytvyn lost in the election for the rector of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, taking fourth place with a result of about 4% of the vote.<ref>Template:In lang Lytvyn lost the election of rector at Shevchenko University, Ukrayinska Pravda (17 March 2021)</ref> The next day he resigned as chairman of the supervisory board of this university.<ref>Template:In lang After losing the election of the rector of the Kyiv National University, Lytvyn decided to resign from the supervisory board, Ukrayinska Pravda (18 March 2021)</ref>

FamilyEdit

Father, Mykhailo Klymovych (1930)
Mother, Olha Andriivna (1929)
Brothers
- Mykola Lytvyn (1961), General of the Army, Border Troops commander
- Petro Lytvyn, a commander of the Southern Operational Command of Ukrainian Ground Forces