Vots
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vađđalaizõd|Vots
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| data11 = 99 (2020)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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| data12 = 4 (2011)<ref>RL0428: Rahvastik rahvuse, soo ja elukoha järgi, 31. detsember 2011</ref>
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| header61 = {{#if:Votic, Russian, Ingrian, Estonian |Languages}}
| data62 = Votic, Russian, Ingrian, Estonian
| header63 = {{#if:Eastern Orthodox
Lutheran
Poluverniki |Religion}}
| data64 = Eastern Orthodox
Lutheran
Poluverniki
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Especially Estonians, Livonians, Setos, and Võros |Related ethnic groups}}
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Especially Estonians, Livonians, Setos, and Võros |Other Baltic Finns
Especially Estonians, Livonians, Setos, and Võros Template:Main other }}
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Vots, also referred to as Votes, Vods and Votians (Template:Langx, vađđalaizõd; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx) are a Finnic ethnic group native to historical Ingria, the part of modern-day northwestern Russia that is roughly southwest of Saint Petersburg and east of the Estonian border-town of Narva. The Finnic Votic language spoken by Vots is close to extinction. The language is still spoken in three villages of historical Votia and by an unknown number of speakers in the countryside. The villages are Jõgõperä (Krakolye), Liivcülä (Peski), and Luuditsa (Luzhitsy).<ref name="ERM">Eesti Rahva Muuseum: Vadjalased Template:In lang (Archived)</ref> In the Russian 2020 census, 99 people identified as Votian.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Vots were one of the founding people of Veliky Novgorod.
HistoryEdit
Vots are the oldest known ethnic group in Ingria. They are probably descended from an Iron-age population of north-eastern Estonia and western Ingria. Some scholars claim they were a tribe of Estonians, who developed a separate identity during isolation from other Estonians. It is speculated the ancient Estonian county of Vaiga got its name from Vots.<ref name="ERM"/> The Kylfings, a people active in Northern Europe during the Viking Age, may have been Vots.Template:Citation needed
The earliest literary references to the Vots by their traditional name are from medieval Russian sources, where Vots are referred to as Voď. Older Russian sources grouped them (under the name Chudes) with Estonians. Lake Peipus near the Votian homelands is called Chudsko ozero, meaning "Lake of Chudes" in Russian.<ref name="Suomensukuiset kansat">Toivo Vuorela: Suomensukuiset kansat, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1960 Template:In lang</ref>
In 1069, the Vots were mentioned taking part in an attack on the Novgorod Republic by the Principality of Polotsk. Eventually Vots became part of the Novgorod Republic, and in 1149 they were mentioned taking part in an attack by Novgorod against Template:Ill, who are speculated to be peoples of Tavastia. One of the administrative divisions of Novgorod, Voch'skaa, was named after Vots. After the collapse of Novgorod in the 1470s, the Grand Principality of Moscow deported many Vots from their homelands, and began more aggressive conversion of them. Missionary efforts started in 1534, after Novgorod's archbishop Macarius complained to Ivan IV that Vots were still practicing their pagan beliefs. Macarius was authorized to send monk Ilja to convert the Vots. Ilja destroyed many of the old holy shrines and worshipping places. Conversion was slow and the next archbishop Template:Ill had to send priest Nikifor to continue Ilja's work. Slowly Vots were converted and they became devoted Christians.<ref name="GR">Gustav Ränk, Vatjalaiset, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki 1960 (Finnish)</ref>
Sweden controlled Ingria in the 17th century, and attempts to convert local Orthodox believers to the Lutheran faith caused some of the Orthodox population to migrate elsewhere.<ref>Mika Sivonen, Me inkerikot, vatjalaiset ja karjalaiset" - Uskonnollinen integrointi ja ortodoksisen vähemmistön identiteetin rakentuminen Ruotsin Inkerissä 1680-1702 Template:In lang</ref> At the same time many Finnish peoples immigrated to Ingria. Religion separated the Lutheran Finns and Estonians and the Orthodox Izhorians and Vots, so intermarriage was uncommon between these groups. Vots mainly married other Vots, or Izhorians and Russians. They were mostly trilingual in Votic, Ingrian and Russian.<ref name="Suomensukuiset kansat"/> In 1848, the number of Vots had been 5,148, (Ariste 1981: 78),<ref>Paul Ariste 1981. Keelekontaktid. Tallinn: Valgus. [pt. 2.6. Kolme läänemere keele hääbumine lk. 76-82] Template:In lang</ref> but in the Soviet Russian census of 1926 there were only 705 left. From the early 20th century on, the Votic language no longer passed to following generations.<ref name="Suomensukuiset kansat"/> Most Vots were evacuated to Finland along with Finnish Ingrians during World War II, but were returned to the Soviet Union following the September 1944 Moscow Armistice.<ref name="RedBook">The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire</ref>
As a distinct people, Vots have become practically extinct after Stalinist dispersion to distant Soviet provinces as 'punishment' for alleged disloyalty and cowardice during World War II. Expellees allowed to return in 1956 found their old homes occupied by Russians.<ref name="RedBook"/> In 1989, there were still 62 known Vots left, with the youngest born in 1930. There were 73 self-declared Vots in the 2002 Russian census. Of them 12 lived in St. Petersburg, 12 in Leningrad Oblast and 10 in Moscow. In 2008 Vots were added to the list of Indigenous peoples of Russia, granting them some support to preserving their culture.<ref>Inkeri: Kantakansojen päivillä pohdittiin vatjalaisten ja inkerikkojen tulevaisuutta, Template:In lang</ref> There have been some conflicts with Votic villagers and foresters, and in 2001 the Votic museum was burned in the village of Lužitsõ.<ref>Vaikuttava Tietotoimisto: Sukukansojamme kohdanneet onnettomuudet Template:In lang</ref> Another possible problem is a port which is being constructed to Ust-Luga. It is planned that some 35,000 people would move near historic Votic and Izhoran villages.<ref>Inkeri.ee: Laukaansuun suursatama uhkaa inkerois- ja vatjalaiskyliä Template:In lang</ref><timeline> ImageSize = width:350 height:300 PlotArea = left:50 right:40 top:20 bottom:20 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify Colors =
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bar:1732 color:gray1 width:1 from:0 till:13672 width:15 text:13 672 textcolor:red fontsize:8px bar:1848 color:gray1 width:1 from:0 till:5148 width:15 text:5148 textcolor:red fontsize:8px bar:1926 color:gray1 width:1 from:0 till:705 width:15 text:705 textcolor:red fontsize:8px bar:1959 color:gray1 width:1 from:0 till:230 width:15 text:230 textcolor:red fontsize:8px bar:1989 color:gray1 width:1 from:0 till:62 width:15 text:62 textcolor:red fontsize:8px bar:2002 color:gray1 width:1 from:0 till:74 width:15 text:74 textcolor:red fontsize:8px bar:2010 color:gray1 width:1 from:0 till:64 width:15 text:64 textcolor:red fontsize:8px bar:2020 color:gray1 width:1 from:0 till:99 width:15 text:99 textcolor:red fontsize:8px
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Vots in LatviaEdit
The Vots in Latvia were called krieviņi in Latvian. The word comes from krievs, which means "Russian". Historical sources indicate the Teutonic Knights led by Vinke von Overberg captured many people in Ingermanland during their attack there in 1444–1447, and moved them to Bauska, where a workforce was needed to build a castle. It is estimated that some 3,000 people were transferred there. After the castle was built, the Vots did not go back, but were settled in the vicinity of Bauska and became farmers. Gradually, they forgot their own language and customs and were assimilated by the neighboring Latvians.<ref name="Suomensukuiset kansat"/> They are first mentioned in literature of 1636. The first "modern" scientist to study them was Finnish Anders Johan Sjögren, but the first person to connect them with Vots was Ferdinand Johan Wiedemann in 1872.<ref>Marjo Mela ja Lembit Valba: Latvian historiaa ja kulttuuria. Rozentāls-seura. Template:ISBN Template:In lang</ref> Latvian poet Jānis Rainis had some Votic roots.<ref>Ethnicity of the Latvian Vots - The Krieviņi</ref>
Some modern people in Latvia around Bauska, with historic Krevinian ancestry still wish to identify with Vots and there has been new interest in Votian culture among them. There also exists a Votic museum in Latvia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Vots in EstoniaEdit
Vots used to live largely within the Narva region. Vots largely mixed with the Estonians, there exists information about Christians called "poluverniki" 'half believers', who mixed Orthodoxy and Lutheranism, this form of Christianity was practiced due to Orthodox Vots mixing with the Lutheran Estonians. Paul Ariste found that the Votic language influenced many Northern Estonian dialects.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Today Estonia still has Votian cultural events in Narva.<ref name=":0" />
CultureEdit
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Historically most Vots were farmers. Slash and burn (sardo) was practiced until the early 20th century. Cattle, horses and geese were the most important livestock. Some made their living from fishing. Many primitive fishing habits survived a long time in Votic communities, such as fishing with a club or spear. Seine fishing was practiced during the winter. Vots formed seine groups (artelli) and made fishing trips as far as the Finnish outer islands like Seskar. Fishermen lived in wooden sleds called (pudka) during these trips.<ref name="Suomensukuiset kansat"/> Hunting was never an important source of income, because local nobility had reserved the right to hunt to themselves. Since St. Petersburg was so close to Votic homelands, many of the Vots went working there. Men worked in factories and women worked as servants. This contributed to rapid demise of Votic culture.<ref name="Suomensukuiset kansat"/>
Vots were quite poorly educated, and only one Vote, Dmitri Tsvetkov, is known to have ever attended and graduated from a university. Ancient Votic religion is not known well, but it is assumed that it was similar to other Finnic beliefs.<ref name="Suomensukuiset kansat"/>
Language and identityEdit
Most Vots were able to speak Ingrian and Russian as well as the Votic language. In fact, Ingrian was more common in everyday use than Votic in some villages. Votic was commonly used with family members, while Russian and Ingrian were used with others. Russian was the only language used in churches. Vots often referred to themselves as Izhorians, since this term was more commonly known among others. The term came in use when people wanted to make a difference between Lutheran and Orthodox Finnic populations in Ingria.<ref>Mauno Jokipii, Itämerensuomalaiset - Heimokansojen historiaa ja kohtaloita, Jyväskylä 1995, Template:ISBN</ref>
GeneticsEdit
According to a 2024 study, the majority of Vots belong to the paternal haplogroup R1a. Their second most common haplogroup is N1c, which is typical for Finno-Ugric peoples. A small proportion of Vots have haplogroup I2a1. When comparing the paternal lineages (combination of ancient haplogroups) of Vots to other Baltic-Finnic groups living in Russia and Slavic Central Russians, they are closer to the latter. However, in terms of autosomal DNA, they resemble other Baltic Finns, especially Izhorians and Ingrian Finns, and differ from Central Russians.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire - The Votes
- VAĐĐA TODAY, is an open project run as a NGO aimed to popularize Vots' culture among the Internet community.