Walsingham
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Walsingham (Template:IPAc-en) is a civil parish in North Norfolk, England, famous for its religious shrines in honour of Mary, mother of Jesus. It also contains the ruins of two medieval monastic houses.<ref name=osexp251>Ordnance Survey (2002). OS Explorer Map 251 – Norfolk Coast Central. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref name=clerk>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Walsingham is Template:Convert northwest of Norwich, approximately Template:Convert northeast of King's Lynn, and around Template:Convert northeast of Sandringham House, the royal estate.
The civil parish includes Little Walsingham and Great Walsingham, together with Egmere (a depopulated medieval village), and has an area of Template:Convert. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 819.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=osnncc>Office for National Statistics & Norfolk County Council (2001). Census population and household counts for unparished urban areas and all parishes Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 2 December 2005.</ref>
Walsingham is a historically significant Christian pilgrimage site, renowned for its devotion to Our Lady of Walsingham.<ref name="TDR1">Template:Cite journal</ref> According to tradition, in 1061, the Anglo-Saxon noblewoman Lady Richeldis de Faverches experienced a Marian vision in which the Virgin Mary commissioned her to build a replica of the Holy Family's house in Nazareth in commemoration of the Annunciation.<ref name="TDR1" /> The Holy House in Walsingham, when first constructed, was paneled with wood and housed a wooden statue of the enthroned Virgin Mary holding the child Jesus on her lap. Among its relics was a phial reputed to contain the Virgin's milk. Walsingham became one of England's most prominent pilgrimage sites, thriving throughout the Middle Ages as a centre of Marian devotion until the English Reformation.<ref name="TDR1" /> After centuries of decline, pilgrimage to Walsingham saw a revival in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name="TDR1" />
NameEdit
Located in East Anglia, a historic region of eastern England, Walsingham derives its name from Old English, meaning 'Homestead/village of Wæls' people—the Wælsings—who are linked to the legendary Norse family known as the Vǫlsungar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PrioryEdit
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The Augustinian Priory of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary was established in Walsingham around 1153, funded by Geoffrey de Faverches, son of Lady Richeldis, who had originally founded the Holy House shrine. The priory became a major centre of pilgrimage, growing in prominence throughout the medieval period.<ref name="TDR1" />
The Anglo-Saxon Chapel and the Holy House, originally founded during the reign of Edward the Confessor, was granted to the Augustinians Canons a century later and incorporated into the priory complex, further reinforcing Walsingham's status as a focal point of religious devotion, particularly in Marian pilgrimage.
Pilgrims from across the British Isles and continental Europe, including members of royalty, travelled to Walsingham, which remained one of the most significant pilgrimage sites until the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII in 1538, leading to the destruction of the priory.<ref name="TDR1" /> To this day, the main pilgrimage route through Newmarket, Brandon, and Fakenham, remains known as the Palmers' Way, a historic path followed by pilgrims for centuries.<ref name=priory>Clayton, Joseph. "Walsingham Priory." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912 </ref>
In 1537 while the last Prior, Richard Vowell, was paying obsequious respect to Thomas Cromwell, the Sub-Prior, Nicholas Mileham, was charged with conspiring to rebel against the suppression of the lesser monasteries and, on flimsy evidence, was convicted of high treason and hanged outside the Priory walls. Eleven people in all, including two lay choristers who had been instrumental in organising the revolt were hanged, drawn, and quartered.<ref name=priory/>
In July, Prior Vowell assented to the destruction of Walsingham Priory and assisted the king's commissioners in the removal of the figure of Our Lady and many of the gold and silver ornaments and the general spoliation of the shrine. For his ready compliance the Prior received a pension of 100 pounds a year, a large sum in those days, while 15 of the canons received pensions varying from four to six pounds. Following the dismantling of the shrine and the destruction of the priory, the site was sold by order of Henry VIII to Thomas Sidney for 90 pounds. Over the late 17th and early 19th centuries, the Prior's lodging underwent successive expansions, eventually transforming into a private residence known as 'The Abbey'.<ref name=priory/> The gold and silver from the shrine were transported to London, along with the statue of Our Lady of Walsingham, which was said to have been burned.
The fall of the monastery gave rise to the anonymous Elizabethan ballad, The Walsingham Lament, on what the Norfolk people felt at the loss of their Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham. The ballad includes the lines:
- Weep, weep, O Walsingham,
- Whose days are nights,
- Blessings turned to blasphemies,
- Holy deeds to despites.
- Sin is where our Ladye sat,
- Heaven turned is to hell;
- Satan sits where Our Lord did sway,
- Walsingham, O farewell!
20th century revivalEdit
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By a rescript of 6 February 1897, Pope Leo XIII blessed a new statue for the restored ancient sanctuary of Our Lady of Walsingham. This was sent from Rome and placed in the Lady Chapel at the newly built Roman Catholic parish church of King's Lynn (the village of Walsingham was within the parish) on 19 August 1897 and on the following day the first post-Reformation pilgrimage took place to the Slipper Chapel at Walsingham, which was purchased by Charlotte Boyd(e) in 1895 and restored for Catholic devotion. Hundreds of Catholics attended the pilgrimage and committed themselves to an annual pilgrimage (from 1897 to 1934 on Whitsun) to commemorate this event. The Guild of Our Lady of Ransom was instrumental in the revival of the Walsingham pilgrimage, as the Guild's leader Father Fletcher had experience in organising large-scale pilgrimages of this kind all over England and Wales.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Archives are kept at King's Lynn and Walsingham.
In 1900, a caretaker was placed in the Priest's House at the Slipper Chapel (said to have been built in 1338); to facilitate its use by Catholic pilgrims, under the custody of the monks at Downside Abbey. Both Father Wrigglesworth (the Catholic parish priest of King's Lynn and Walsingham) and Father Fletcher (Founder and Master of the Guild of Ransom) laid the foundations and left others to declare the Catholic National Shrine at the Slipper Chapel on 19 August 1934 with over 10,000 pilgrims present. Attempts to purchase the abbey site were unsuccessful (even though one of the Lee-Warners, who owned the estate, became a Catholic in 1899); however, in 1961 the site of the original Holy House within the priory ruins was excavated by members of the Royal Archaeological Institute.<ref name="RAI1">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
As a result of the initiative of the Anglican vicar of Walsingham (from 1921), Father Alfred Hope Patten, an Anglican Marian shrine has been established in Walsingham. First established in the parish church of St Mary and All Saints in 1922, the image of Our Lady was translated to a purpose-built building in 1931 and pilgrimages are now held through the summer months.
The Anglican National Pilgrimage takes place on the Late Spring Bank Holiday (the last Monday in May) and is regularly met by Protestant picket lines. The Student Cross pilgrimage on Good Friday visits both the Anglican and Catholic shrines and the National Youth Pilgrimage is in the first week of August, also visiting the Anglican shrine.
The Catholic shrine continues to be based at the Slipper Chapel, near the hamlet of Houghton St Giles. Many significant occasions have been celebrated here, including the Pilgrimage of Catholic Youth (1938), the Cross Carrying Pilgrimages (since 1948), and the Crowning of Our Lady (Marian year 1954 and 1988). On 22 May 1982, the statue of Our Lady of Walsingham was taken to Pope John Paul II at the Wembley Mass and given a place of honour during his British visit. In 2000, a new Feast of Our Lady of Walsingham was approved by the hierarchy, to be celebrated in England and Wales on 24 September.
Ecumenical opportunities have been seen in Walsingham, and there is an interaction between the two shrines. In the Anglican shrine, there has long been established a small Orthodox chapel. The Orthodox have furthered their presence at the Church of the Holy Transfiguration, formerly the Methodist chapel at Great Walsingham, and also at the former Walsingham railway station which has been converted into the church of St Seraphim.<ref name=chapels>Walsingham village website Churches & Chapels</ref>
Little Sisters of Jesus has had a community of sisters in Little Walsingham since the late 1960s. There is currently also a community of Carmelites in the village.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
List of Christian sitesEdit
Little WalsinghamEdit
ShrineEdit
- Anglican Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham (Church of England)<ref>Anglican Shrine official website</ref>
- The Chantry Chapel of Saint Michael and the Holy Souls (Guild of All Souls)<ref>Guild of All Souls Chantry Chapel</ref>
- Chapel of the Life-Giving Spring of the Mother of God (Russian Orthodox)<ref name=chapels/>
ChurchesEdit
- St Mary and All Saints (Church of England parish church)<ref name=cofe>Walsingham Parishes (Church of England)</ref>
- Church of the Annunciation (Roman Catholic parish church)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Walsingham Methodist Chapel<ref name=methodist/>
- Church of St Seraphim (Russian Orthodox church)<ref name=orthodox>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Monastic ruinsEdit
- Walsingham Priory (St Mary's Priory, or ...Abbey) Augustinian (Canons Regular) - open to the public (fee)<ref name=shirehall>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- St Mary's Friary (Franciscan; the 'Greyfriars')
Great WalsinghamEdit
ChurchesEdit
- St Peter (Church of England parish church)<ref name=cofe/>
- The Holy Transfiguration (Russian Orthodox parish church)<ref name=orthodox/>
- The Church of Our Lady of the Annunciation (Roman Catholic parish church)
Church ruinEdit
- All Saints and St Mary (former parish church)
HoughtonEdit
ShrineEdit
- Basilica of Our Lady of Walsingham (the "Slipper Chapel") (Roman Catholic National Shrine)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Chapel of Reconciliation (Roman Catholic)
ChurchEdit
- St Giles (Church of England parish church)<ref name=cofe/>
EgmereEdit
Church ruinEdit
- St Edmund (former parish church)
NearbyEdit
Template:See also Template:Convert to the northeast is Binham Priory.
King's LynnEdit
- Our Lady of the Annunciation, (Roman Catholic parish church, national shrine until 1934)
GeographyEdit
The village is the result of a conjoining of two ancient settlements, Great Walsingham and Little Walsingham.
A 19th-century gazetteer describes Little Walsingham as a small town, known simply as Walsingham and which had also been known as New Walsingham,<ref name=LittleG>GENUKI Little Walsingham</ref> and Great Walsingham as a smaller, separate village which had also been known as Old Walsingham.<ref>GENUKI Great Walsingham</ref> A market once held on Tuesdays had already become defunct by 1845, whilst the Friday market was already "small" in 1845 and had ceased by 1883.<ref name=LittleG/>
The River Stiffkey flows through the parish, from south to north, passing to the east of the bulk of the village. The centre of Little Walsingham is at an elevation of around Template:Convert and lies within the Stiffkey Valley, with the land rising to the east and west — to the west it rises to around Template:Convert at Egmere. National Cycle Route 1 passes through the village.<ref name=OSmap>Ordnance Survey 1:25000</ref>
The former North Creake airfield lies within the parish, just north of Egmere, together with the area known as Bunker's Hill, which is a commercial/industrial area following the disuse as an airfield.<ref name=OSmap/>
GovernanceEdit
There is a parish council, which meets at the Village Hall.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The parish is divided into Great and Little wards,<ref>North Norfolk District Council Uncontested parish SPN 2019</ref> which reflect the two former civil parishes that merged in 1987.
A ward exists, to elect a councillor to North Norfolk District Council (one of 40), called Walsingham. The current councillor is Tom FitzPatrick,<ref>North Norfolk District Council Your Councillors</ref> with the most recent election in 2019.
The ward had a population of 2,167 in 2011.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since 2019 boundary changes, the ward comprises the parishes of Barsham, Great Snoring, Little Snoring, Sculthorpe and Walsingham.<ref>North Norfolk District Council Ward boundaries 2019</ref>
From 1894 to 1974 Walsingham Rural District existed, though its council was based in Fakenham.
The Shirehall on Common Place served as a courtroom until 1974. In present times the building is open as a museum, and belongs to the Walsingham Estate.<ref name=shirehall/> The village has another museum building: the former House of Correction, or The Bridewell.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Egmere and Quarles were merged into the civil parish of Great Walsingham in 1935, but Quarles then transferred to Holkham in 1947.<ref>Vision of Britain</ref>
In ecclesiastic respects, Walsingham falls within the Diocese of Norwich.
TransportEdit
Wells and Walsingham Light RailwayEdit
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Walsingham used to be connected to the national railway network, being on the Wymondham to Wells Branch line, but this was closed during the Beeching Axe in stages from 1964 to 1969.
In 1979 work began on constructing a Template:RailGauge gauge heritage railway on the old track bed to Wells. The line re-opened in 1982 and now operates with a fleet of steam and diesel scale locomotives.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A new station was constructed in Walsingham. The Walsingham railway station building (with the platform still intact and visible) is now Saint Seraphim's Orthodox church.
Public transportEdit
A regular bus service is provided as Walsingham is on the Coastliner bus route (service number 36) with destinations including Fakenham, Wells, Hunstanton and King's Lynn.<ref>LynxBus Coastliner 36</ref>
Other places named WalsinghamEdit
- Walsingham, Ontario, Canada
- Walsingham, Canterbury, New Zealand
- Walsingham and Walsingham Bay in Hamilton, Bermuda
- Walsingham House School, South Bombay, India.
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Walsingham Village Website including information from Walsingham Parish Council and other groups in the village