Walter Gilbert
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Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American biochemist, physicist, molecular biology pioneer, and Nobel laureate.<ref name=gilbertbio>Template:Nobelprize</ref><ref name=Shampo/><ref>Template:Scopus</ref>
Education and early lifeEdit
Walter Gilbert was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on March 21, 1932, into a Jewish family,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the son of Emma (Cohen), a child psychologist, and Richard V. Gilbert, an economist.<ref name=Shampo>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
When Gilbert was seven years old, the family moved to the Washington D.C. area so his father could work under Harry Hopkins on the New Deal brain trust. While living in Washington the family became friends with the family of I.F. Stone and Wally met Stone's oldest daughter, Celia, when they were both 8. They later married at age 21.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
He was educated at the Sidwell Friends School, and attended Harvard University for undergraduate and graduate studies, earning a baccalaureate in chemistry and physics in 1953 and a master's degree in physics in 1954.<ref name=Shampo/> He studied for his doctorate at the University of Cambridge, where he earned a PhD in physics supervised by the Nobel laureate Abdus Salam in 1957.<ref name=Shampo/><ref name=phd>Template:Cite thesis</ref>
Career and researchEdit
Gilbert returned to Harvard in 1956 and was appointed assistant professor of physics in 1959.<ref name=Shampo/> Gilbert's wife Celia worked for James Watson, leading Gilbert to become interested in molecular biology. Watson and Gilbert ran their laboratory jointly through most of the 1960s, until Watson left for Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.<ref name="Watson">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1964 he was promoted to associate professor of biophysics and promoted again in 1968 to professor of biochemistry.<ref name=Shampo/>
Gilbert is a co-founder of the biotech start-up companies Biogen, with Kenneth Murray, Phillip Sharp and Charles Weissman<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Myriad Genetics with Dr. Mark Skolnick and Kevin Kimberlin<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> where he was the first chairman on their respective boards of directors. Gilbert left his position at Harvard to run Biogen as CEO, but was later asked to resign by the company's board of directors.<ref name="Kanigel">Template:Cite journal</ref> He is a member of the Board of Scientific Governors at The Scripps Research Institute. Gilbert has served as the chairman of the Harvard Society of Fellows.
In 1996, Gilbert and Stuart B. Levy founded Paratek Pharmaceuticals. Gilbert served as chairman until 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Gilbert was an early proponent of sequencing the human genome. At a March 1986 meeting in Santa Fe New Mexico he proclaimed "The total human sequence is the grail of human genetics". In 1987, he proposed starting a company called Genome Corporation to sequence the genome and sell access to the information.<ref name="Kanigel"/> In an opinion piece in Nature in 1991, he envisioned completion of the human genome sequence transforming biology into a field in which computer databases would be as essential as laboratory reagents<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Gilbert returned to Harvard in 1985.<ref name="Johnson">Template:Cite news</ref> Gilbert was an outspoken critic of David Baltimore in the handling of the scientific fraud accusations against Thereza Imanishi-Kari.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Gilbert also joined the early controversy over the cause of AIDS.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1962, Gilbert's physics PhD student Gerald Guralnik extended Gilbert's work on massless particles; Guralnik's work is widely recognized as an important thread in the discovery of the Higgs Boson.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
With his PhD student Benno Müller-Hill, Gilbert was the first to purify the lac repressor,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> just beating out Mark Ptashne for purifying the first gene regulatory protein.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Together with Allan Maxam, Gilbert developed a new DNA sequencing method, Maxam–Gilbert sequencing,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Maxam"/> using chemical methods developed by Andrei Mirzabekov. His approach to the first synthesis of insulin via recombinant DNA<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> lost out to Genentech's approach which used genes built up from the nucleotides rather than from natural sources. Gilbert's effort was hampered by a temporary moratorium on recombinant DNA work in Cambridge, Massachusetts, forcing his group to move their work to an English biological weapons site.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Gilbert first proposed the terms introns (intragenic regions) and exons (expressed regions) in reference to recently discovered phenomenon of splicing<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and suggested explanation for the evolution of introns in a seminal 1978 "News and Views" correspondence to Nature titled "why genes in pieces?".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1986, Gilbert proposed the RNA world hypothesis for the origin of life,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> based on a concept first proposed by Carl Woese in 1967.
Awards and honorsEdit
In 1969, Gilbert was awarded Harvard's Ledlie Prize.<ref name=Shampo/> In 1972 he was named American Cancer Society Professor of Molecular Biology.<ref name=Shampo/> In 1979, Gilbert was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Frederick Sanger.<ref name=Shampo/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> That year he was also awarded the Gairdner Prize and the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research.<ref name=Shampo/>
Gilbert was awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, shared with Frederick Sanger and Paul Berg. Gilbert and Sanger were recognized for their pioneering work in devising methods for determining the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid.
Gilbert has also been honored by the National Academy of Sciences (US Steel Foundation Award, 1968); Massachusetts General Hospital (Warren Triennial Prize, 1977);<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the New York Academy of Sciences; (Louis and Bert Freedman Foundation Award, 1977), the Académie des Sciences of France (Prix Charles-Leopold Mayer Award, 1977).<ref name=Shampo/> Gilbert was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1987.<ref name=Shampo/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=formemrs>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2002, he received the Biotechnology Heritage Award, from the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) and the Chemical Heritage Foundation.<ref name="Biotechnology">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=NW2002>Template:Cite news</ref>
Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert's 1977 paper "A new method for sequencing DNA" was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society for 2017. It was presented to the Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University.<ref name="breakthrough">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Maxam">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Personal lifeEdit
Gilbert married Celia Stone, the daughter of I. F. Stone, in 1953 and has two children.<ref name=gilbertbio/> After retiring from Harvard in 2001, Gilbert has launched an artistic career to combine art and science. His art format is centered on digital photography.<ref name="Johnson"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 1976-2000 Template:1980 Nobel Prize winners Template:Authority control