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William Butterfield

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William Butterfield (7 September 1814 – 23 February 1900) was a British Gothic Revival architect and associated with the Oxford Movement (or Tractarian Movement). He is noted for his use of polychromy.

BiographyEdit

William Butterfield was born in London in 1814. His parents were strict non-conformists who ran a chemist's shop in the Strand. He was one of nine children and was educated at a local school. At the age of 16, he was apprenticed to Thomas Arber, a builder in Pimlico, who later became bankrupt. He studied architecture under E. L. Blackburne (1833–1836). From 1838 to 1839, he was an assistant to Harvey Eginton, an architect in Worcester, where he became articled. He established his own architectural practice at Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1840.

From 1842 Butterfield was involved with the Cambridge Camden Society, later The Ecclesiological Society. He contributed designs to the Society's journal, The Ecclesiologist. His involvement influenced his architectural style. He also drew religious inspiration from the Oxford Movement and as such, he was very high church despite his non-conformist upbringing. He was a Gothic revival architect, and as such he reinterpreted the original Gothic style in Victorian terms. Many of his buildings were for religious use, although he also designed for colleges and schools.

Butterfield's church of All Saints, Margaret Street, London, was, in the view of Henry-Russell Hitchcock, the building that initiated the High Victorian Gothic era. It was designed in 1850, completed externally by 1853 and consecrated in 1859.<ref name=hrh1/> Flanked by a clergy house and school, it was intended as a "model" church by its sponsors, the Ecclesiological Society. The church was built of red-brick, a material long out of use in London, patterned with bands of black brick, the first use of polychrome brick in the city, with bands of stone on the spire. The interior was even more richly decorated, with marble and tile marquetry.<ref name=hrh1/>

In 1849, just before Butterfield designed the church, John Ruskin had published his Seven Lamps of Architecture, in which he had urged the study of Italian Gothic and the use of polychromy. Many contemporaries perceived All Saints' as Italian in character, though in fact it combines fourteenth century English details, with a German-style spire.<ref name=hrh1/>

Also in 1850 he designed, without polychromy, St Matthias' in Stoke Newington, with a bold gable-roofed tower. At St Bartholomew's, Yealmpton in the same year, Butterfield used a considerable amount of marquetry work for the interior, and built striped piers, using two colours of marble.<ref name=hrh1>Hitchcock 1977, pages 247–8</ref>

File:William Butterfield 42 Bedford Square blue plaque.jpg
Blue plaque, 42 Bedford Square, London

At Oxford, Butterfield designed Keble College, in a style radically divergent from the university's existing traditions of Gothic architecture, its walls boldly striped with various colours of brick. Intended for clerical students, it was largely built in 1868–70, on a fairly domestic scale, with a more monumental chapel of 1873–6. In his buildings of 1868–72 at Rugby School, the polychromy is even more brash.<ref name=hrhb>Hitchock 1977, page 264</ref>

Butterfield received the RIBA Gold Medal in 1884. He died in London in 1900, and was buried in a simple Gothic tomb (designed by himself) in Tottenham Cemetery, Haringey, North London.<ref name="Tomb">Template:National Heritage List for England</ref> The grave can be easily seen from the public path through the cemetery, close to the gate from Tottenham Churchyard. There is a blue plaque on his house in Bedford Square, London.

WorksEdit

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File:Keble College Chapel Oxford.jpg
Keble College Chapel, Oxford
File:St. Paul's Cathedral Interior (Arcade).jpg
St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne, Australia
File:St Ninian's Cathedral, Perth (Scotland).jpg
St Ninian's Cathedral, Perth, Scotland
File:Butterfields st pauls cathedral melbourne design.jpg
William Butterfield's original design for the new Anglican cathedral (St Paul's) in Melbourne, Australia
File:All Saints, Margaret Street, London W1 - East end - geograph.org.uk - 1668268.jpg
All Saints, Margaret Street, London (detail of interior)
File:St Mary Brookfield 2005.jpg
St Mary's church, Brookfield
File:St Andrew's Church, Rugby.jpg
St Andrew's Church, Rugby
File:St Barnabas Church, Horton-cum-Studley - geograph.org.uk - 179173.jpg
St Barnabas's Church, Horton-cum-Studley
File:St Mark's Church, Dundela, Belfast - geograph.org.uk - 901404.jpg
St Mark's Church, Dundela, Belfast
File:St Mary, Ottery St Mary, Devon - Font - geograph.org.uk - 1732026.jpg
Font of Ottery St Mary Parish Church, Devon
File:William Butterfield Chalice.jpg
Chalice designed by William Butterfield, 1856–1857 (hallmarked) V&A Museum no. CIRC.521–1962
File:Rugby School Chapel 9.21.jpg
Chapel, Rugby School

Butterfield's buildings include:

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  • 1845
    • St Saviour's Church and vicarage, Coalpit Heath, south Gloucestershire, 1845 (Butterfield's first Anglican work)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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    • St Martin's parish church, Bremhill, Wiltshire: restoration, 1862–63<ref>Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 140</ref>
    • St Michael's parish church, Lyneham, Wiltshire: nave roof and chancel, 1862–65<ref>Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 319</ref>
  • 1863
    • Church of St Cross, Manchester, Clayton, Manchester, 1863–66<ref>The Buildings of England: Lancashire – Manchester and the South East, 2004</ref>
    • St Margaret's parish church, Mapledurham, Oxfordshire: restoration, 1863<ref name=Sherwood693>Sherwood & Pevsner, 1974, page 693</ref>
    • St Mary Magdalene church, Enfield Chase, Middlesex, 1883<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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    • St Michael's parish church, Aldbourne, Wiltshire: restoration, 1863–67<ref name="Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 82"/>
  • 1864
    • St Sebastian, Heathland, Wokingham, Berkshire, 1864<ref>Pevsner, 1966, page 154</ref>
    • Merton College, Oxford: Grove Building, 1864<ref>Sherwood & Pevsner, 1974, page 164</ref>
    • St Andrew's parish church, Blunsdon St Andrew, Wiltshire: restoration: 1864–68<ref>Pevsner & Cherry, 1975, page 118</ref>
    • Christ Church, Emery Down, Hampshire, 1864<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hitchin, Hertfordshire, 1865

  • 1866
  • 1867
    • Holy Trinity Chapel, Known as the 'Tait Chapel', Fulham Palace, London.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rugby, Warwickshire, 1877 with later additions of 1895

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PublicationsEdit

File:Butterfield, William – Instrumenta Ecclesiastica, 1847 – BEIC 14307605.jpg
Instrumenta Ecclesiastica, 1847

ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

External linksEdit

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