William F. Packer

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William Fisher Packer (April 2, 1807Template:Spaced ndashSeptember 27, 1870) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as the 14th governor of Pennsylvania from 1858 to 1861.<ref>"The Governors of Pennsylvania." Mount Union, Pennsylvania: The Mount Union Times, January 27, 1911, p. 1 (subscription required).</ref>

Early and personal lifeEdit

Packer was born in Howard, Pennsylvania<ref name=SenateBio/> to James and Charity Packer. When William was seven years old, his father died, leaving him and his four siblings to help run the house.<ref name=Armor/>

At the age of 13 he began work as a printer's apprentice at the Sunbury Public Inquirer and later at the Bellefonte Patriot. He also worked as a journeyman at Simon Cameron's newspaper the Pennsylvania Intelligencer in Harrisburg.<ref name=Armor>Template:Cite book</ref>

Packer studied law in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, under future member of Congress Joseph Biles Anthony but did not practice, choosing instead to stay in the newspaper business.<ref name=Armor/> In 1829 he purchased a controlling share and became the editor of the Lycoming Gazette which he published until 1836. While working at the Lycoming Gazette, he began an early foray into politics as a major supporter of the construction of the West Branch of the Pennsylvania Canal.<ref name=phmc/> The state legislators in Philadelphia had opposed funding the construction and Packer penned an address to Philadelphia to raise public support for the project. The campaign worked and the Philadelphia delegation reversed their position to support the canal.<ref name=Armor/>

Packer married Mary W. Vanderbilt on December 24, 1829. The couple had ten children.<ref name=phmc>Template:Cite news</ref>

Entry into politicsEdit

Packer's support for the canal did not go unnoticed and in 1832, he was appointed by the Canal Commission to serve as Superintendent of the canals.<ref name=Armor/> The position was abolished in 1835 and Packer spent most of that year working for the re-election of Governor George Wolf and running for the Pennsylvania State Senate.<ref name=Armor/> A schism in the Democratic Party cost Wolf re-election and Packer a Senate seat.

In 1836, Packer co-founded The Keystone, a Democratic newspaper published in Harrisburg. Packer, through the Keystone, was a supporter of David R. Porter for Governor against Joseph Ritner in the election of 1838. His support of Porter's successful bid helped him earn an appointment to the Board of Canal Commissioners, a powerful post at the time.<ref name=Armor/> After he was re-elected, Porter appointed Packer to the post of Pennsylvania Auditor General in 1842.<ref name=Armor/>

After an unsuccessful bid for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1845, Packer won a seat in Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1847 and served as Speaker of the House in 1848 and 1849.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Packer won re-election in 1848 and then served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 12th district from 1851 to 1852.<ref name=SenateBio>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the State Senate, Packer was an ardent supporter of railroad development in Central Pennsylvania, working towards the establishment of the Susquehanna Railroad.<ref name=Armor/> At the time, state policy was to restrain railroad development in southern Pennsylvania which would benefit Baltimore rather than Philadelphia. The act to authorize the railroad connected the York and Cumberland Railroad to cities like Williamsport and Sunbury and increased their access to regional trade. In 1852, Packer became the first President of the Susquehanna, stepping aside after the line was consolidated into the Northern Central Railway.<ref name=Armor/>

During the 1856 Presidential Election, friend and fellow Pennsylvanian James Buchanan ran for the Democratic nomination against incumbent Franklin Pierce and Senator Stephen Douglas. Packer worked hard for his nomination and election.<ref name=Jenkins>Template:Cite book</ref> Buchanan won the nomination at the 1856 Democratic National Convention in Cincinnati, Ohio, and went on to win the Presidency over Republican John C. Frémont and Know Nothing candidate and former President Millard Fillmore.

GovernorEdit

In 1857, Packer was nominated as the Democratic Party Candidate for Governor. He was opposed by David Wilmot, author of the Wilmot Proviso which aimed to ban the expansion of slavery to territories acquired from Mexico, and Isaac Hazlehurst of the Native American Party.<ref name=Huston/> The Panic of 1857 had crippled the nation's economy, including the Pennsylvania iron industry. With strong support for tariffs in more normal times, the Panic increased Pennsylvania's support for high tariffs, a stance which hurt the pro-free trade Wilmot.<ref name=Huston>Template:Cite book</ref> The question of the day, however, remained the issue of slavery in Kansas. Packer forwarded a letter to his friend, President Buchanan, supporting the Kansas-Nebraska Act, but opposing an expansion of slavery in that state without a free and open process.<ref name=Armor/> The split of the Republicans and Know Nothings made it difficult to defeat the united Democrats and Packer swept into office.<ref name=Huston/>

A large crowd attended his inaugural ceremonies on January 19, 1858.<ref>Sheridan, Leo W. "Great Crowds Attended Ceremonies of Inaugurals As Capitol Was Filled." Lock Haven, Pennsylvania: The Express, November 30, 1934, p. 4 (subscription required).</ref>

In dealing with the economic crisis caused by the Panic, Packer vehemently blamed banks and the free issue of paper money over gold and silver coinage.<ref name=Jenkins/> As part of a recovery plan, the Governor approved legislation to requiring state banks to limit the issue of paper currency to amounts covered by real security deposited with the state.<ref name=Jenkins/>

In 1859, Packer sought to end the state's involvement in construction and management of canals and railroads, selling off the state's investments to the Sunbury and Erie Railroad.<ref name=Jenkins/>

Governor Packer was a proponent of public schools and supported the new public school system with funds for teacher training. Packer also used his veto power to stop attacks on the new public education system by forces in the legislature.<ref name=Jenkins/>

As his term came to an end, southern states had begun seceding from the union. Packer recommended that the nation's differences be addressed in a national convention.<ref name=Jenkins/> He opposed secession and, in his final address to the General Assembly, he stated, "It is therefore clear, that there is no Constitutional right of secession. Secession is only another form of nullification. Either, when attempted to be carried out by force, is rebellion, and should be treated as such, by those whose sworn duty it is to maintain the supremacy of the Constitution and laws of the United States."<ref name=Armor/>

Packer retired from public life after the end of his term and died September 27, 1870, in Williamsport.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He is interred at Williamsport Cemetery.