Winchester College
Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox school Winchester College is an English public school (a long-established fee-charging boarding school for pupils aged 13–18) with some provision for day attendees, in Winchester, Hampshire, England. It was founded by William of Wykeham in 1382 as a feeder school for New College, Oxford, and has existed in its present location ever since. It is the oldest of the nine schools considered by the Clarendon Commission. The school has begun a transition to become co-educational, and has accepted male and female day pupils from September 2022, having previously been a boys' boarding school for over 600 years.
The school was founded to provide an education for 70 scholars. Gradually numbers rose, a choir of 16 "quiristers" being added alongside paying pupils known as "commoners". Numbers expanded greatly in the 1860s with the addition of ten boarding houses. The scholars continue to live in the school's medieval buildings, which consist of two courtyards, a chapel, and a cloisters. A Wren-style classroom building named "School" was added in the 17th century. An art school ("museum"), science school, and music school were added at the turn of the 20th century. A war cloister was built as a memorial in 1924.
The school has maintained traditions including its mascot, the Trusty Servant; a set of "notions" forming a sort of private language; and a school song, Domum. Its headmasters have included the bishops William Waynflete in the 15th century and George Ridding in the 19th century. Former pupils are known as Old Wykehamists.
HistoryEdit
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Foundation and early yearsEdit
Winchester College was founded in 1382 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor to both Edward III and Richard II, in part because of the lack of trained priests following the Black Death. Winchester was to act as a feeder school to New College, also founded by Wykeham.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> According to its 1382 charter and final statutes (1400), the school is called in Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("St Mary's College, near Winchester"), or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("The College of the Blessed Mary of Winchester, near Winchester").<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The first 70 "poor scholars" entered the school in 1394.<ref name="Heritage">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the early 15th century the specific requirement was that scholars come from families where the income was less than five marks sterling (£3 6s 8d) per annum; in comparison, the contemporary reasonable living for a yeoman was £5 per annum.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Other innovations at Winchester included enforcing discipline through the pupils themselves, using prefects. Discipline was in any case meant to be less harsh than was common in medieval schools, at least as the statutes read.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Winchester was also unusual in giving education to boys aged 12–18, as universities would accept students within this age range.<ref name="Leach 1899 159–160">Template:Harvnb</ref> These features, including the double foundation, formed the model for Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, some 50 years later.<ref name="Clutton-Brock 1900 3–5">Template:Cite book</ref> Eton and Winchester formed a close partnership at that time.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> At first only a small number of pupils other than scholars were admitted; by the 15th century the school had around 100 pupils in total, nominally the 70 scholars, 16 choirboys known as "quiristers", and the rest "commoners". Demand for places for commoners was high, and though at first restricted, numbers gradually rose.<ref name="Turner 2014">Template:Cite book</ref>
Early modern periodEdit
As the college was a religious as well as educational establishment, it was threatened with closure during Henry VIII's reign. A statute to this effect was drawn up in 1545, which was only halted by his death. Edward VI swiftly reversed direction.<ref>Template:Harvnb.</ref> Edward made provision for worship and Bible readings to be made in English rather than Latin.<ref>Template:Harvnb.</ref> In the early modern period, under Henry, Edward, Elizabeth and James, royal visits were accompanied by presentations of Latin and a small amount of Greek occasional poetry, composed by the pupils. Elizabeth also granted an exemption to allow Winchester, Eton and elsewhere to conduct their religious services in Latin, to help pupils to improve their skills in the language.<ref>Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Victorian era to presentEdit
From the 1860s, ten boarding houses, each for up to sixty pupils, were added, greatly increasing the school's capacity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By 2020, the number of pupils had risen to 690.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> From 2022, the school has accepted day pupils in the Sixth Form, including girls.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2025 the College announced its merge with The Pilgrims' School, due to take place fully in September 2025.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
BuildingsEdit
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The college consists of an assemblage of buildings from medieval times to the present day. There are 94 listed buildings, set in grounds of some 250 acres, of which 100 acres are water meadows, 52 acres are playing fields, and 11 acres are formal gardens; the area includes St Catherine's Hill.<ref name="Buildings and Grounds"/> The medieval buildings, representing most of the original foundation from the school's opening in 1394, include Outer Gate and Outer Court, Chamber Court, the chapel, and the Cloisters. These are built in flint with limestone facings and slate roofs.Template:Sfn<ref name="Buildings and Grounds">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The chapel retains its original wooden fan-vaulted ceiling, designed by Hugh Herland, carpenter to Richard II. Little of the original medieval glass, designed by Thomas Glazier, survives, as it was scattered in the 1820s, but some is now housed in Thurburn's Chantry, at the back of the chapel, and in Fromond's Chantry, inside the Cloisters.<ref name="Chapel">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The "School" building was constructed in 1683–1687 in Wren style,<ref name="Buildings and Grounds"/> with a statue of the founder above the door by C. G. Cibber.<ref name="Astoft">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} (3 pages) partly consisting of text from Template:Cite book</ref> The school was greatly extended in the 19th century with the addition of boarding houses for "commoners", paying pupils, as opposed to the scholars who continued to live in the medieval College.Template:Sfn At the turn of the 20th century, a Music School, "Museum" (art school), and Science School, all architect-designed, were added.<ref name="Astoft"/><ref name="Buildings and Grounds"/> A hall big enough for the enlarged school, New Hall, was opened in 1961, accommodating the oak panelling removed from the Chapel in the 1874 refurbishment.Template:Sfn In 1924, a War Cloister was constructed; it now serves as a memorial of the Wykehamists killed in the two World Wars.<ref name="WarCla Historic England">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Visitors may tour areas such as Chamber Court, the chapel, College Hall, the Cloisters, School and Museum, for a fee.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Winchester College courtyard and learned duck - geograph.org.uk - 45847.jpg
Medieval architecture: Chamber Court, 1394, looking through Middle Gate to Outer Court and Outer Gate
- Winchester College Chapel.jpg
Hall and Chapel, 1394
- Winchester College School building.jpg
School in Wren style, 1683–1687
- Sergeant's House on Romans Road.jpg
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- Winchester College Science School.jpg
Science School by Henry Hill, 1904
- Winchester College War Cloister from eastern entrance.jpg
War Cloister by Herbert Baker, 1924
AccommodationEdit
CollegeEdit
The seventy scholars live in the original buildings, known as "College". The scholars are known as "Collegemen", and the schoolmaster in charge of them is called the Master in College. Collegemen wear black gowns, following the founding traditions of the school. Collegemen enjoy certain privileges compared to the Commoners, such as having open fires and being allowed to walk across Meads, the walled sports field outside School.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Boarding housesEdit
Every pupil at Winchester, apart from the Scholars, lives in a boarding house, chosen or allocated when applying to Winchester. It is here that he studies, eats and sleeps. Each house is presided over by a housemaster (who takes on the role in addition to teaching duties), assisted by house tutors. Houses compete against each other in school sports. Each house has an official name, usually based on the family name of the first housemaster, which is used mainly as a postal address. Each house also has an informal name, usually based on the name or nickname of an early housemaster. Each house also has a letter, in the order of their founding, to act as an abbreviation, especially on laundry tags. A member of a house is described by the informal name of the house with "-ite" suffixed, as "a Furleyite", "a Toyeite", "a Cookite" and so on. College does not have an informal name, although the abbreviation Coll is sometimes used; "X" (meaning, not one of the boarding houses) was originally used only on laundry tags.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
AcademicEdit
AdmissionEdit
Winchester is considered one of the most prestigious schools in the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It has its own entrance examination, and does not use Common Entrance like other major public schools. Those wishing to enter a Commoner House make their arrangements with the relevant housemaster some two years before sitting the exam, usually sitting a test set by the housemaster and an interview. Those applying to College do not take the normal entrance examination but instead sit a separate, harder, exam called "Election": successful candidates may obtain, according to their performance, a scholarship, an exhibition or a Headmaster's nomination to join a Commoner House.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Admission to College was historically coupled to remission of fees, but this has ceased;<ref>Scholarships for College Template:Webarchive. Winchester College. Retrieved on 13 August 2013.</ref> instead, means-tested bursaries ranging from 5% to 100% of the school fee are provided, according to need.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> From 2022, Winchester admitted girls into the 6th form (year 12) as day pupils, with girls boarding from 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> For 2023/24, the fee is £49,152 per annum (£16,384 per term) for boarding pupils and £36,369 per annum (£12,123 per term) for day pupils.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
StructureEdit
In addition to normal lessons, all boys throughout the school are required to attend a class called Division (known as "Div") which explores parts of history, literature, and politics that do not lead to external examinations; its purpose is to ensure a broad education.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
From year 9, pupils study for at least nine GCSE and IGCSEs. Every pupil studies English, mathematics, Latin, French or German, and at least two sciences at this level, as well as "Div". Pupils then study three A-levels, "Div", and an Extended Project Qualification.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ResultsEdit
Winchester College is particularly known for its academic rigour.<ref name="WSA 2022">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2023 at A-Level, 79.6% of student results were graded A*-A, with 42.4% at A*. At GCSE, 88.4% of results were graded 7 or higher, with 73.1% of grades being 8 or 9, and 50.5% of all grades achieving the top grade of 9.<ref name="WinColl Results">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the same year, 17% of pupils secured places at Oxbridge, while notable US destinations included Harvard, Columbia, UPenn, and Chicago.<ref name="WinColl Results"/> Between 2010 and 2018, an average of 33% of leavers obtained places at Oxford or Cambridge.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ActivitiesEdit
SportEdit
Winchester College has its own game, Winchester College football (also known as "Win: Co: Fo:" or "Winkies"), played only at Winchester.<ref name="Winkies Independent">Template:Cite news</ref> It is played in the spring term with a competition between the school's houses; it is largely managed by the boys.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A distinctive Winchester version of fives resembles Rugby fives but with a buttress on the court. The buttress enables a skilful player to cause the ball to ricochet in an unexpected direction.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The school has an active rowing club called the Winchester College Boat Club which is based on the River Itchen. The club is affiliated to British Rowing (boat code WIN)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was twice winner of the Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup (in 1949 and 1954) at the Henley Royal Regatta.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Rivalry — particularly sporting — between Winchester and Eton has existed for centuries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Combined Cadet ForceEdit
Pupils of the school in their second year are currently required to serve in the college's Combined Cadet Force.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The organisation was founded in 1860 as "The Winchester College Rifle Volunteer Corps" by various boys in their top year as a result of the perceived threat of Napoleon III after the Orsini plot, and remained entirely autonomous until it was taken over by the Second Master in 1868. It was enrolled as a Cadet Corps in the 1st Hants Volunteer Battalion. In 1908, the Officer Training Corps was established, and by 1914, through the request of the War Office that Senior Cadets be given appropriate training for the war effort, almost every student became involved in the Corps, though it was never explicitly compulsory. In the Second World War, it was renamed as "The Junior Training Corps", though its function was still to prepare boys for Officer responsibilities. Montgomery remarked on inspecting the Corps in 1946 that there was "latent leadership in all ranks". In 1948, the "Junior Training Corps" became known as the "Combined Cadet Force" (CCF) which incorporated RAF and RN sections. In 1963, "Alternative Service Activities" were introduced for boys who did not want to join the CCF. Pupils were made eligible to opt out of the CCF at the end of their second year after starting at the beginning of the year: this is still the school's policy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Further history of the CCF is given in Template:Harvnb</ref>
MusicEdit
Winchester offers extensive opportunities for musical development, with two-thirds of pupils playing at least one instrument. The school has a music school and numerous practice rooms, and a variety of choirs, ensembles, and orchestras. The chapel choir has existed since the school's foundation. Music and choral scholarships fund free tuition for candidates proficient in multiple instruments at grade 6 level or above.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
TraditionsEdit
The Trusty Servant: the school mascotEdit
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The Trusty Servant is an emblematic figure in a painting at Winchester College, that serves as the school's unofficial mascot and the name of its alumni magazine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A painting of The Trusty Servant and accompanying verses both devised by the poet John Hoskins in 1579 hangs outside the college kitchen. The current version was painted by William Cave the Younger in 1809. The painting depicts a mythical creature with the body of a man, the head of a pig, with its snout closed with a padlock, the ears of an ass, the feet of a stag, and tools in his left hand.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The verses are on the virtues that pupils of the college were supposed to have. The college arms are shown in the background of the painting.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Notions: the school languageEdit
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A notion is a specialised term peculiar to Winchester College. The word notion is also used to describe traditions unique to the school. An example of a notion is "toytime", meaning homework, from the notion "toys", a wooden cubicle that serves as a pupil's workspace in a communal room, known as "mugging hall" in Commoner Houses or a "chamber" in College.<ref>Lawson, W.H., Hope, J.R. and Cripps, A.H.S., Winchester College Notions, by Three Beetleites: Winchester 1901, pp. 81, 126–127</ref>
Manners makyth man: the school mottoEdit
Since the foundation, Winchester College has had numerous words and phrases directly associated with it, including its motto, its graces, and a prayer. A grace is read before and after every lunch and formal meal in College Hall. Two separate graces are traditionally sung during Election, the scholarship process.
Manners makyth man
– Motto of Winchester College, New College, Oxford, and the founder of the two colleges, William of Wykeham
The Latin grace before meals in College goes:<ref name="Stevens">Template:Cite book</ref>
| Latin grace | English translation |
|---|---|
| lang}}</poem> | <poem>Bless us, Lord God,
And those Thy gifts, Of which through Thy bounty We are about to partake, Through Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen.</poem> |
The Latin grace after meals in College goes:<ref name="Stevens"/>
| Latin grace | English translation |
|---|---|
| lang}}</poem> | <poem>We return thanks to Thee,
Almighty God, For these and all Thy gifts, Which through They bounty We have received Who livest and reigneth, And art God, World without end. Amen. </poem> |
Domum: the school songEdit
The school song is entitled "Domum" and is sung at the end of the summer term, known as Cloister Time. The origin of the song is unknown; it was described as "an old tradition" in the 1773 History and Antiquities of Winchester.<ref name="Adams1878">Template:Harvnb</ref> The traditional tune was composed by John Reading.<ref name=Minstrel>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Walcott>Template:Cite book</ref> A new tune, by Malcolm Archer, was officially adopted by the school in about 2007.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
According to legend, the text was written in the 17th century by a pupil who was confined for misconduct during the Whitsun holidays.<ref>The Gentleman's Magazine, 1796, vol. 66, pp. 208–210.</ref> (In one account, he was tied to a pillar.) It is said that he carved the words on the bark of a tree, which was thereafter called "Domum Tree", and cast himself into Logie (the river running through the school grounds).<ref name="Adams1878"/><ref>Charles Dickens, All the Year Round 29 June 1872 p 160.</ref> There is still a "Domum Cottage" in that area. The author of the text apparently wrongly treated domum as a neuter noun.<ref>Robert Townsend Warner, Winchester (1900) p 168.</ref>
A "Domum Dinner" is held at the end of the summer term for leavers. It was formerly restricted to those former scholars of Winchester who were also scholars of New College, and distinguished guests. Until the reforms of the 19th century, there were three successive Election Dinners held during Election Week, culminating in a Domum Ball. Originally these festivities occurred around Whitsun, as suggested by references in the song to early summer such as "See the year, the meadow, smiling" and "Now the swallow seeks her dwelling".<ref name=Minstrel/>
InfluenceEdit
Winchester's approach to education was influential on later schools. It was unusual in the medieval period in giving education to boys aged 12–18, as universities would accept students within this age range.<ref name="Leach 1899 159–160"/> The age range, the double foundation with New College, Oxford, and the approach to discipline formed the model for Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, some 50 years later.<ref name="Clutton-Brock 1900 3–5"/>
Pupils of the school have appeared in many works of fiction: the school itself rather less often.Template:Sfn The figure of Sir Humphrey Appleby in the TV series Yes Minister is among the best-known Old Wykehamists in fiction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
As with other prominent public schools, a locomotive of the Southern Railway V Class was named after Winchester College. The second of the class, No. 901 Winchester was constructed by Southern at the nearby Eastleigh Works; it entered service in 1930.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
HeadmastersEdit
The headmasters of Winchester College from the 14th century onwards are:Template:Sfn
- WilliamWaynflete.jpg
William Waynflete as bishop, c. 1470
- Bp George Moberly.jpg
George Moberly, 1870
- Painting of George Ridding by Walter William Ouless.jpg
George Ridding, 1879,
by Walter William Ouless
Notable alumniEdit
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Current pupils of Winchester College are known as Wykehamists, in memory of the school's founder, William of Wykeham; former pupils are known as Old Wykehamists,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or amongst themselves as Old Woks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Fictional Old Wykehamists appear in over 50 novels, starting with Tobias Smollett's eponymous Peregrine Pickle in 1751.Template:Sfn
ControversyEdit
In 1872, under the headmaster George Ridding, "tunding", beatings given by a prefect (a senior pupil), using a ground-ash across the shoulders, were still permitted. The matter became a national scandal, known as "the Tunding Row", when "an overzealous Senior Commoner Prefect"Template:Sfn beat a pupil for refusing to attend a notions test.<ref name="Gwyn 1982"/> Ridding made matters worse by trying to defend the action. He eventually limited the prefects' power to beat, and forbade notions tests as a "disgraceful innovation".<ref name="Gwyn 1982">Template:Cite book</ref>
In the 1970s and 80s, the college allowed a Christian Forum to operate on college grounds which was later described as "cult-like", and which gave access to pupils to a man who carried out sadomasochistic abuse on several of them.<ref name=guardian>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=review /> The perpetrator, John Smyth, was a leader of the evangelical Christian Iwerne camps where abuse was also reported to have taken place. He was assisted in this by former Winchester pupil Simon Doggart. The college and the Iwerne Trust became aware of these allegations in 1982, but neither reported them to the police.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Smyth was warned off and moved to Zimbabwe and then South Africa where abuse continued.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> An independent review into the abuse, commissioned by the college, was published in January 2022,<ref name=review>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> alongside the Makin Review by the Church of England and a review by the Titus Trust (which succeeded the Iwerne Trust).<ref name=guardian /> On 12 November 2024, following publication of the Makin Review, Justin Welby announced his intention to resign as Archbishop of Canterbury; this report was critical of the Church's handling of allegations of abuse committed by the barrister John Smyth, aided by Doggart, and was also critical of Welby's failure to investigate the allegations.
In 2005, Winchester College was one of fifty of the country's leading independent schools found guilty of running an unlawful price-fixing cartel by the Office of Fair Trading.<ref name=SCASTPriceFixing>[The Schools Competition Act Settlement Trust {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}]</ref> As a penalty, the schools paid for a trust fund to benefit the affected pupils.<ref name=OFTPriceFixing>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Winchester College, like Eton, received a fifty per cent reduction in its penalty in return for its full cooperation.<ref name=TimesPriceFixing>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=TelegraphPriceFixing>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2017 Winchester College suspended its Head of Art History for providing students with information about questions on an upcoming public exam.<ref name=TimesFraud>Template:Cite news</ref> The headmaster of Winchester confirmed that the school had treated the matter "very seriously" and that no boy was responsible for the "exam irregularity". The information was widely distributed, resulting in their papers being disallowed.<ref name=GuardianFraud>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=FTFraud>Template:Citation</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Custance, Roger, (ed.), Winchester College: Sixth Centenary Essays, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982
- Dilke, Christopher, Dr Moberly's Mint-Mark: A Study of Winchester College, London: Heinemann, 1965
- Fearon, William A., The Passing of Old Winchester: Winchester: Winchester College, 1924
- Firth, J. D'E., Winchester College, Winchester: Winchester Publications, 1949
- Kirby, T. F., Annals of Winchester College, London and Winchester: Henry Frowde, 1892
- Template:Cite book(Review)
- Mansfield, Robert, School Life at Winchester College, London: John Camden Hotten, 1866
- Rich, Edward J. G. H., Recollections of the Two St. Mary Winton Colleges, Walsall and London: Edward Rich, 1883
- Template:Cite book
- Stevens, Charles, Winchester Notions: The English Dialect of Winchester College, London: Athlone Press, 1998
- Tuckwell, William, The Ancient Ways: Winchester Fifty Years Ago, London: Macmillan, 1893
- Template:Cite book
- Walcott, Mackenzie E. C., William of Wykeham and his Colleges, London: David Nutt, 1852
- Wordsworth, Charles, The College of St Mary Winton near Winchester, Oxford and London: J. H. Parker, 1848
External linksEdit
Template:Winchester College Template:Schools in Hampshire Template:Public schools in England Template:Public schools (United Kingdom)