Winifred M. Letts

Winifred M. Letts (10 February 1882 – 7 June 1972) was a writer who spent most of her life in Ireland. She was known for her poetry, novels, and plays.

Biography

Winifred Mabel Letts was born on 10 February 1882 to Mary Isabel (née Ferrier) and Reverend Ernest Frederick Letts.<ref>Manchester, England, Births and Baptisms, 1813-1901 (1882), p. 57.</ref><ref group=Note name=Note01/> It is widely accepted by biographers that she was born in Salford, Lancashire, England.<ref name=":0" /><ref>A number of discrepancies emerge in her birthplace records. According to the 1891 England and Wales Census, Letts was born in Knutsford, Cheshire, England (Winifred Mabel Letts in household of Ernest Fredk Letts, Newton, Lancashire, England, United Kingdom; from 1891 England, Scotland and Wales Census, Kew, Surrey, England). The 1901 England and Wales Census attests that her birth was in Manchester, England (Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: RG13; Piece: 3758; Folio: 105; Page: 32). She was baptised Winifred Mabel Letts on 25 March 1882 in Manchester, and the registry lists her birthplace as Broughton (England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975. Salt Lake City, Utah: FamilySearch, 2013). Nosheen Khan states that Letts was born in Ireland (Women's Poetry of the First World War. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1988, p. 184). In Irish Novels 1890-1940, her birthplace is given as County Wexford, Ireland and her place of death as Kent, England (John Wilson Foster. Irish Novels 1890-1940. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 109). An early anthology of poetry also lists her birthplace as Wexford, citing a birthdate of 1887 (A. Marion Merrill and Grace E. W. Sprague. Contemporary Verse : Edited with a Prologue and Notes. Boston: Little, Brown, 1925, pp. 299-306). </ref> She was educated first at St. Anne’s School, Abbots Bromley, Staffordshire and later Alexandra College in Dublin, Ireland.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":2">Brown, Stephen. Ireland in Fiction: A Guide to Irish Novels, Tales, Romances, and Folk-Lore. Dublin: Maunsel, 1919, p. 167.</ref>

She spent summer childhood holidays in Knockmaroon Park, Dublin, her maternal grandparents' home.<ref>Letts, W. M. Knockmaroon. London: J. Murray, 1933, p. 19.</ref><ref name=":2" /> After her father's death, she and her mother moved to Ireland from England and lived on Glenart Avenue and, later, on Avoca Avenue, in a house called Dal Riada, in the Dublin suburb of Blackrock.<ref>Census of Ireland 1901/1911. The National Archives of Ireland</ref><ref>The name of the house is recorded in Physiotherapy and Masseuse Registers. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Registers. Wellcome Library, London, England.</ref>

In 1915, during World War I, Letts joined the Volunteer Aid Detachment and was assigned to the Manchester Base Hospital in England.<ref name=":1">Khan, Nosheen. Women's Poetry of the First World War. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1988, pp. 123-24.</ref> Trained to offer physical therapy to wounded soldiers, she served with the Almeric Paget Massage Corps in Manchester and Alnwick, Northumberland.<ref name=":1" />

In 1926 she married widower William Henry Foster Verschoyle.<ref>Ancestry.com. Ireland, Civil Registration Marriages Index, 1845-1958 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.</ref> William died in 1943<ref>Principal Probate Registry. Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England. London, England, 1944, p. 34.</ref> and Letts moved to England to live with her sisters in Faversham, Kent.<ref name=":0" />

In the 1950s, she returned to Ireland and purchased Beech Cottage in Killiney, County Dublin.<ref name=":0" /> She moved to Tivoli Nursing Home, Dún Laoghaire, in the late 1960s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Letts died on 7 June 1972 and is buried in Rathcoole, County Dublin.<ref>“Winfred Mabel Verschoyle.” England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995. 1973, p. 8960; Obituary: Gibbon, Monk. "Winifred M. Letts." The Irish Times (17 June 1972), p. 5.</ref> A memorial plaque celebrating her life and work was unveiled in Rathcoole by President Michael D. Higgins on 20 June 2022.<ref>Hayden Moore, 'Memorial plaque celebrates life of Winifred Mabel Letts', Echo.ie, 20 June 2022. [1]</ref>

Writing career

Letts was active in the artistic circles of Dublin. She was a member of the Irish Women Writers’ Club.<ref>Meaney, Gerardine, Mary O’Dowd, and Bernadette Whelan. “Producers and Consumers of Popular Culture, 1900–60.” In Reading the Irish Woman: Studies in Cultural Encounters and Exchange, 1714–1960, pp. 179–95. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2013, p. 192.</ref> She collaborated with several artists at the Cuala Press to create illustrated broadsides of her poems.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Poetry

Letts is remembered today as a poet of the First World War; however, her first publications were lyric poetry exploring Irish folk themes popularised by the Celtic Revival. An early poem, 'The Sense of Faery', was published in 1904 in the English literary magazine Occasional Papers,<ref>“Reviews: Occasional Papers.” Norfolk Chronicle (27 August 1904), p. 2.</ref> with further poetry appearing in the Westminster Gazette<ref>Winifred Letts, “The Wind’s Call”, Westminster Gazette, 29 December 1904, p. 2.</ref> and the Manchester City News (1906). Her first poetry collection, Songs from Leinster, was published in 1913. In 1916, by which time she was working as a nurse, she published Hallowe'en and Other Poems of the War. The collection was re-issued in 1917 as The Spires of Oxford, and Other Poems.

The publisher's preface to The Spires of Oxford stated, ‘The verdict of the public, as shown by continual requests to republish, is that The Spires of Oxford is the most important poem in the volume—and therefore in issuing a new edition with several new poems, we bow to this verdict and give The Spires of Oxford its place in the forefront of the volume’. The poem 'The Spires of Oxford' appeared in at least two anthologies published in America during the war, John William Cunliffe’s Poems of the Great War (1916)<ref>John William Cunliffe, Poems of the Great War, New York: Macmillan 1918.</ref> and George Herbert Clarke’s A Treasury of War Poetry (1917).<ref>Clarke, George Herbert. A Treasury of War Poetry : British and American Poems of the World War, 1914-1917. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1917.</ref> Two lines from the poem are inscribed on the Soldiers Memorial Gate at Brown University, dedicated in 1921: 'They gave their merry youth away / For country and for God'.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Until the 1980s, Letts’s war poetry was largely forgotten. In his 1922 Anthology of Irish Verse, Padraic Colum included 'Synge’s Grave' rather than her war poems.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As contemporary literary critics point out, poetry that privileged men’s experience of combat and that forged new directions in modernism was preferred over works that described the experiences of women during the war, particularly those on the Home Front.<ref name=":5">Gillis, Stacy. ‘“Many Sisters to Many Brothers”: The Women Poets of the First World War. In Tim Kendall, ed. The Oxford Handbook of British and Irish War Poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 100-113.</ref> Stacy Gillis points to a new interest in women's experience that emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, when several critical studies of women’s war poetry were published, as well as the 1981 anthology Scars Upon My Heart, which included several poems by Letts.<ref name=":5" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Recent assessments of Letts’s war poetry have pointed to her use of irony in war poems such as 'What Reward?', 'Screens', and 'The Deserter'.<ref>Haughey, Jim. ‘“The Roses are Torn”: Ireland’s War Poets'. In Fran Brearton and Alan Gillis, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish Poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 65.</ref> 'Letts is at her best when she tackles the casualties largely left out of the official narrative', Jim Haughey writes. Jane Dowson also focuses on the 'anti-heroic' aspects of poems such as 'The Deserter'.<ref>Dowson, Jane. Women, Modernism and British Poetry, 1910-1939: Resisting Femininity. London and New York: Taylor & Francis, 2017, p. 59.</ref>

However, David Clare notes the complicated legacy of Letts’s war poems within Irish history:  ‘World War I's problematic status in Irish memory has meant that the Irish literary canon (as it is currently conceived) still has a hard time accommodating works that are simultaneously very Irish and yet also bound up with the British effort in the World War’.<ref>Clare, David. ‘Buried Histories (Review of Memory Ireland, Volume 1: History and Modernity, by Oona Frawley)’. James Joyce Literary Supplement, 26(2012), pp. 21–22.</ref>

Plays

Letts recalled her first experience with the Abbey Theatre in an essay titled 'My First Abbey Play'. She saw John Millington Synge’s Riders to the Sea, with Sara Allgood and William Fay. Augusta Gregory and W. B. Yeats were in the stalls.<ref name=":6">Letts, Winifred. ‘My First Abbey Play.’ In E. H. Mikhail, ed. Abbey Theatre: Interviews and Recollections. Basingstoke UK: Palgrave: 1988, pp. 35-40.</ref> She remembered that 'the spells of Synge’s speech and tragedy lay upon me. I was eager to write something in the same medium'.<ref name=":6" /> The play that emerged was the one-act play about a murder in Wicklow, The Eyes of the Blind. It was produced at the Abbey for one performance on 1 April 1907 and starred Frank Fay, W. G. Fay, Molly Allgood (Máire O’Neill), and Brigid O’Dempsey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A second one-act play, The Challenge, the story of a love triangle and a duel, premiered at the Abbey Theatre 14 September 1909.<ref>Letts, Winifred. The Challenge. Irish Theatre Institute: Playography Ireland. https://www.irishplayography.com/</ref> She rewrote The Challenge as a story, which was published in the Irish Review in 1912.<ref>Letts, Winifred. ‘The Challenge’. Irish Review, April 1912.</ref><ref name=":7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her only three-act play, Hamilton and Jones, was produced by the Gate Theatre, Dublin in 1941.<ref name=":7" />

Between 1848 and 1952, Letts published a number of essays about the Abbey Theatre in English and Irish magazines.<ref name=":6" />

Novels and short fiction

Letts’s early literary success came from novels for girls, such as Bridget of All Work (1909) and The Quest of the Blue Rose (1910). An early short story appeared in Cassell's Magazine.<ref>'Literary Notes'. Royal Cornwall Gazette, 9 November 1905, p. 6.</ref> Letts's story 'The Company of Saints and of Angels' was published by The Irish Review under the editorship of Thomas MacDonagh in January 1912.<ref name=":7" />

Memoir

Knockmaroon (1933) is a series of essays and poems about Ireland that opens with Letts’s reminiscences about her summers with grandparents on the outskirts of Phoenix Park. She includes a number of character sketches of Irish people of all classes and often refers to the events of the decade after the Anglo-Irish Treaty as 'the Troublesome Times'. The book is primarily pastoral in imagery, ranging descriptively over impressions of landscape and architecture. Letts also includes several chapters on gardening and garden books, confessing, 'My secret ambition has always been to write a garden book'.<ref>Letts, Winifred M. Knockmaroon. London: John Murray 1933. p. 166.</ref> Knockmaroon gathered together a series of essays that previously appeared in publications such as Cornhill, Spectator, Manchester Guardian, Irish Review, Irish Statesman, Month, and Country Life.

Works

Fiction and poetry

The Story-Spinner. Illustrated by F. Gardner. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1907.

Waste Castle (a book for girls). Illustrated by John Jellico. London & Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1907. Reprinted by Thomas Nelson and Sons, Ltd., London, 1916, 1918, 1920.

Bridget of All Work. Illustrated by James Durden. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1909.

Diana Dethroned. London: John Lane, 1909.

The Quest of the Blue Rose. Illustrated by James Durden. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1910. Reprinted by Oxford University Press: Humphrey Milford, London, 1926.

The Rough Way. London: Wells Gardner & Co. [1912].

Naughty Sophia. Illustrated by Ruby Lind. London: Grant Richards 1912. Reprinted by London: The Richards Press, 1949.

The Mighty Army: Lives of the Saints. Illustrated by Stephen Reid. London: Wells Gardner, Darton & Co., 1912.

Songs of Leinster. London: John Murray, 1913. Reprinted 1916, 5th rep. 1923; 6th rep. 1938; with a new edition by Dundalgan Press, Dundalk, Ireland: 1947.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Helmet & Cowl: Stories of Monastic and Military Orders. With Mary F. S. Letts. London: Wells Gardner, Darton & Co., 1914.

Christina’s Son. London: Wells Gardner & Co. 1915.

Hallow-e'en and Poems of the War. London: John Murray, 1916.

The Spires of Oxford, And Other Poems. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co., New York, 1917.

Corporal’s Corner. London: Wells Gardner & Co. 1919.

What Happened Then? London: Wells Gardner & Co. [1921].

More Songs from Leinster. London: John Murray, 1926.

St Patrick the Travelling Man: The Story of his Life and Wanderings. London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson Ltd., 1932.

Pomona and Co. London: T. Nelson & Sons [1934].

Pomona’s Island. Illustrated by Hilda Figorski. London: T. Nelson & Sons [1935].

The Gentle Mountain. Illustrated by Kathleen Verschoyle. Dublin: Talbot Press [1938]. Reprinted by London: RTS [1939].

Plays

The Eyes of the Blind (1906)

The Challenge (1909)

Hamilton and Jones (1941)

Memoir and essay

Knockmaroon. London: John Murray 1933.

Anthologies, selected

Katherine Tynan and C. M. Watts. The Wild Harp. Sidgwick & Jackson, Ltd., 1913.

George Herbert Clarke. A Treasury of War Poetry: British and American Poems of the First World War, 1914-1917. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1917.

John William Cunliffe. Poems of the Great War. New York: Macmillan, 1918.

Sterling Andrus Leonard. Poems of the War and the Peace. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1921.

Catherine Reilly. Scars Upon My Heart: Women’s Poetry and Verse of the First World War. Virago, London, 1981.

Constance M. Ruzich. International Poetry of the First World War: An Anthology of Lost Voices. London: Bloomsbury, 2020.

Musical settings of poetry

Edward Cuthbert Bairstow. “The Lonesome Girl”, words by W. M. Letts. London: Stainer & Bell, c.1926.

Ina Boyle. "A Soft Day, Thank God!", words by W. M. Letts.<ref name=":3" />

Ina Boyle. “If you let sorrow in on you”, words by W. M. Letts. London: Stainer & Bell, 1923, 1926.<ref>Manuscript copy at Trinity College Dublin</ref><ref name=":3" />

Ina Boyle. “Easter Snow”, words by W. M. Letts. In Chamber Music, Songs for Voice and Piano. 1940.<ref>Manuscript copy at Trinity College Dublin</ref><ref name=":3">See also the Ina Boyle Society</ref>

Rhoda Coghill, “Mary Moriarty”, words by Winifred M. Letts (1925).

Ivor Gurney (as Michael Flood). "Cowslip time", words by Winifred M. Letts. [1919-1920].<ref name=":4">Kate Kennedy, Dweller in Shadows: A Life of Ivor Gurney, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 446.</ref>

Ivor Gurney (as Michael Raphoe Flood). “The Fair”, words by Winifred M. Letts. [1920].<ref name=":4" />

Charles Villiers Stanford. “John Kelly,” words by W. M. Letts. In Four Songs for Voice and Piano, Op. 125. London : Stainer & Bell, 1911.

Charles Villiers Stanford. A Fire of Turf, Op. 139, words by W. M. Letts. London: Stainer & Bell, 1913. (Contains “A Fire of Turf”, “The Chapel on the Hill”, “Cowslip Time”, “Scared”, “Blackberry Time”, “The Fair”, “The West Wind”). Full text available at International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) [2]

Charles Villiers Stanford. A Sheaf of Songs from Leinster, words by W. M. Letts. London: Stainer & Bell 1914. (Contains “Grandeur”, “Thief of the World”, “A Soft Day”, “Little Peter Morrissey”, “The Bold Unbiddable Child”, “Irish Skies”.) Full text available at International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) [3]

Charles Villiers Stanford. Six Songs, Op.175. London: J.B. Cramer and Co. Ltd., 1920. (Contains “Monkey's Carol” and “The Winds of Bethlehem” with words by W. M. Letts).

Leslie Walters. "Spring, the Travelling Man", words by Winifred Letts. London: J. B. Cramer & Co, [1957].

Charles Wood. "Tim, an Irish Terrier", words by Winifred Letts. (c.1913).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Charles Wood. "Boys," (No date).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Further reading

• Collins, Lucy . 'Winifred Letts and the Great War: A Poetics of Witness'. In Women Writing War: Ireland 1880-1922. Tina O'Toole, Gillian Mcintosh, and Muireann O'Cinnéide, eds. Dublin: UCD Press, 2016, pp. 53–66;
• Winterson, Kieron. 'Green Flags on Their Bayonets: Winifred Letts and the Great War'. In Irish Women at War: The Twentieth Century, Gillian Mcintosh and Diane Urquhart, eds. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2010, pp. 17–34.

External links

• "The Spires of Oxford"
• Template:Internet Archive author
• Template:Librivox author
• Listing of plays by Winifred Letts at the Irish Theatre Institute.[4]