Wolstonian Stage
Template:Short description Template:Infobox geologic timespan The Wolstonian Stage is a middle Pleistocene stage of the geological history of Earth from approximately 374,000 until 130,000 years ago. It precedes the Last Interglacial (also called the Eemian Stage) and follows the Hoxnian Stage in the British Isles.
It is also approximately analogous to the Warthe and Saalian stages in northern Europe; the Riss glaciation in the Alps; and the Illinoian Stage in North America. The colder last part from around 194,000 years ago is called the Penultimate Glacial Period.
It is equivalent to Marine isotope stages (MIS) 10 through 6. MIS 10, 8 and 6 were glacial periods and 9 and 7 were interglacials.
It is named after Wolston in the English county of Warwickshire.
DescriptionEdit
The Wolstonian Stage is a middle Pleistocene stage of the geological history of Earth that precedes the Ipswichian Stage (Eemian Stage in Europe) and follows the Hoxnian Stage in the British Isles. The Wolstonian Stage apparently includes three periods of glaciation. The Wolstonian Stage is temporally analogous to the Warthe Stage and Saalian Stage in northern Europe and the Riss glaciation in the Alps, and temporally equivalent to all of the Illinoian Stage and the youngest part of the Pre-Illinoian Stage in North America. It is contemporaneous with the North American Pre-Illinoian A, Early Illinoian, and Late Illinoian glaciations.<ref name="RichmondOther1">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="McMillan11"/><ref name="GibbardOthers2007"/>
The Wolstonian Stage is equivalent to Marine isotope stages 6 through 10.<ref name="McMillan11">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="GibbardOthers2007">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Britain became an Island during this period (350,000 years ago).<ref>Gibbard, Phil (2007). "How Britain Became An Island: The report". Nature Precedings. doi:10.1038/npre.2007.1205.1</ref>
It started 374,000 years ago and ended 130,000 years ago.<ref>Lisiecki, L.E., 2005, Ages of MIS boundaries. LR04 Benthic Stack Boston University, Boston, MA</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
EtymologyEdit
The Wolstonian Stage was named after the site of Wolston in the English county of Warwickshire where corresponding deposits were first identified.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ArchaeologyEdit
Acheulian flint tools have been found in Wolstonian deposits.
Pleistocene glaciationEdit
| Region | Glacial 1 | Glacial 2 | Glacial 3 | Glacial 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alps | Günz | Mindel | Riss | Würm |
| North Europe | Eburonian | Elsterian | Saalian | Weichselian |
| British Isles | Beestonian | Anglian | Wolstonian | Devensian |
| Midwest U.S. | Nebraskan | Kansan | Illinoian | Wisconsinan |
| Region | Interglacial 1 | Interglacial 2 | Interglacial 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alps | Günz-Mindel | Mindel-Riss | Riss-Würm |
| North Europe | Waalian | Holsteinian | Eemian |
| British Isles | Cromerian | Hoxnian | Ipswichian |
| Midwest U.S. | Aftonian | Yarmouthian | Sangamonian |
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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- Gibbard, P., 2008a, Map 6. (Fluvial) Palaeogeography during the Saalian (Drenthe Substage) / Wolstonian glacial maximum. North West European Rivers, Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group, Cambridge, England. (includes PDF file of map)
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- Shotton, F.W., nd, East Anglia and the English Midlands. Ice Age Britain. The Shotton Project, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.