Women's suffrage

Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Several instances occurred in recent centuries where women were selectively given, then stripped of, the right to vote. In Sweden, conditional women's suffrage was in effect during the Age of Liberty (1718–1772), as well as in Revolutionary and early-independence New Jersey (1776–1807) in the US.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren">Karlsson Sjögren, Åsa, Männen, kvinnorna och rösträtten: medborgarskap och representation 1723–1866 [Men, women, and suffrage: citizenship and representation 1723–1866], Carlsson, Stockholm, 2006 (in Swedish).</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Pitcairn Island allowed women to vote for its councils in 1838.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Kingdom of Hawai'i, which originally had universal suffrage in 1840, rescinded this in 1852 and was subsequently annexed by the United States in 1898. In the years after 1869, a number of provinces held by the British and Russian empires conferred women's suffrage, and some of these became sovereign nations at a later point, like New Zealand, Australia, and Finland. Several states and territories of the United States, such as Wyoming (1869) and Utah (1870), also granted women the right to vote. Women who owned property gained the right to vote in the Isle of Man in 1881, and in 1893, women in the then self-governing<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> British colony of New Zealand were granted the right to vote. In Australia, the colony of South Australia granted women the right to vote and stand for parliament in 1895<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="FennaRobbins2013">Template:Cite book</ref> while the Australian Federal Parliament conferred the right to vote and stand for election in 1902 (although it allowed for the exclusion of "aboriginal natives").<ref>Documenting Democracy: Constitution (Female Suffrage) Act 1895 (SA); National Archives of Australia.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Prior to independence, in the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, women gained equal suffrage, with both the right to vote and to stand as candidates in 1906.<ref name="eduskunta.fi">Brief history of the Finnish Parliament. eduskunta.fi.</ref><ref name="web.archive.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="finland.fi_pioneer">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> National and international organizations formed to coordinate efforts towards women voting, especially the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (founded in 1904 in Berlin, Germany).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Most major Western powers extended voting rights to women by the interwar period, including Canada (1917), Germany (1918), the United Kingdom (1918 for women over 30 who met certain property requirements, 1928 for all women), Austria, the Netherlands (1919) and the United States (1920).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Notable exceptions in Europe were France, where women could not vote until 1944, Greece (equal voting rights for women did not exist there until 1952, although, since 1930, literate women were able to vote in local elections), and Switzerland (where, since 1971, women could vote at the federal level, and between 1959 and 1990, women got the right to vote at the local canton level). The last European jurisdictions to give women the right to vote were Liechtenstein in 1984 and the Swiss canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden at the local level in 1990,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with the Vatican City being an absolute elective monarchy (the electorate of the Holy See, the conclave, is composed of male cardinals, rather than Vatican citizens). In some cases of direct democracy, such as Swiss cantons governed by Landsgemeinden, objections to expanding the suffrage claimed that logistical limitations, and the absence of secret ballot, made it impractical as well as unnecessary; others, such as Appenzell Ausserrhoden, instead abolished the system altogether for both women and men.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Leslie Hume argues that the First World War changed the popular mood:

The women's contribution to the war effort challenged the notion of women's physical and mental inferiority and made it more difficult to maintain that women were, both by constitution and temperament, unfit to vote. If women could work in munitions factories, it seemed both ungrateful and illogical to deny them a place in the voting booth. But the vote was much more than simply a reward for war work; the point was that women's participation in the war helped to dispel the fears that surrounded women's entry into the public arena.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Pre-WWI opponents of women's suffrage such as the Women's National Anti-Suffrage League cited women's relative inexperience in military affairs. They claimed that since women were the majority of the population, women should vote in local elections, but due to a lack of experience in military affairs, they asserted that it would be dangerous to allow them to vote in national elections.<ref>"Women's National Anti-Suffrage League Manifesto" in Phelps, Edith M. (2013), Selected Articles on Woman Suffrage, London: Forgotten Books, pp. 257–259.</ref>

Extended political campaigns by women and their supporters were necessary to gain legislation or constitutional amendments for women's suffrage. In many countries, limited suffrage for women was granted before universal suffrage for men; for instance, literate women or property owners were granted suffrage before all men received it. The United Nations encouraged women's suffrage in the years following World War II, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979) identifies it as a basic right with 189 countries currently being parties to this convention.

History

File:Women suffrage world decade.svg

Women's suffrage globally by decade of approval.Template:LegendTemplate:LegendTemplate:LegendTemplate:LegendTemplate:LegendTemplate:LegendTemplate:LegendTemplate:LegendTemplate:LegendTemplate:Legend

File:AnnaIIStolQued.jpg

Anna II, Abbess of Quedlinburg. In the pre-modern era in some parts of Europe, abbesses were permitted to participate and vote in various European national assemblies by virtue of their rank within the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches.

Before the 19th century

In ancient Athens, often cited as the birthplace of democracy, only adult male citizens who owned land were permitted to vote.Template:Citation needed Through subsequent centuries, Europe was ruled by monarchs, though various forms of parliament arose at different times. The high rank ascribed to abbesses within the Catholic Church permitted some women the right to sit and vote at national assemblies – as with various high-ranking abbesses in Medieval Germany, who were ranked among the independent princes of the empire. Their Protestant successors enjoyed the same privilege almost into modern times.<ref name="Abbess">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Marie Guyart, a French nun who worked with the First Nations people of Canada during the 17th century, wrote in 1654 regarding the suffrage practices of Iroquois women: "These female chieftains are women of standing amongst the savages, and they have a deciding vote in the councils. They make decisions there like their male counterparts, and it is they who even delegated as first ambassadors to discuss peace."<ref>Women Mystics Confront the Modern World (Marie-Florine Bruneau: State University of New York: 1998: p. 106).</ref> The Iroquois, like many First Nations in North America,Template:Citation needed had a matrilineal kinship system. Property and descent were passed through the female line. Women elders voted on hereditary male chiefs and could depose them.

File:Catherine Helen Spence.jpg

CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Marie Stritt.jpg

Marie Stritt (1855–1928), German suffragist, co-founder of the International Alliance of Women

The first independent country to introduce women's suffrage was arguably Sweden. In Sweden, conditional women's suffrage was in effect during the Age of Liberty (1718–1772).<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren"/>

In 1756, Lydia Taft became the first legal woman voter in colonial America. This occurred under British rule in the Massachusetts Colony.<ref name="address">Template:Cite book</ref> In a New England town meeting in Uxbridge, Massachusetts, she voted on at least three occasions.<ref name="blacks">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Unmarried white women who owned property could vote in New Jersey from 1776 to 1807.<ref>"More than a century before the 19th Amendment, women were voting in New Jersey". Washington Post.</ref>

In the 1792 elections in Sierra Leone, then a new British colony, all heads of household could vote and one-third were ethnic African women.<ref>Schama, Simon, Rough Crossings (2006), p. 431.</ref>

Other early instances of women's suffrage include the Corsican Republic (1755), the Pitcairn Islands (1838), the Isle of Man (1881), and Franceville (1889–1890), but some of these operated only briefly as independent states and others were not clearly independent.

19th century

The female descendants of the Bounty mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Islands could vote from 1838. This right was transferred after they resettled in 1856 to Norfolk Island (now an Australian external territory).<ref name="elections.org.nz">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The emergence of modern democracy generally began with male citizens obtaining the right to vote in advance of female citizens, except in the Kingdom of Hawai'i, where universal suffrage was introduced in 1840 without mention of sex; however, a constitutional amendment in 1852 rescinded female voting and put property qualifications on male voting.<ref name="Kauanui 2018 187–189">Template:Cite book</ref>

The seed for the first Woman's Rights Convention in the United States in Seneca Falls, New York, was planted in 1840, when Elizabeth Cady Stanton met Lucretia Mott at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. The conference refused to seat Mott and other women delegates from the U.S. because of their sex. In 1851, Stanton met temperance worker Susan B. Anthony, and shortly the two would be joined in the long struggle to secure the vote for women in the U.S. In 1868 Anthony encouraged working women from the printing and sewing trades in New York, who were excluded from men's trade unions, to form Working Women's Associations. As a delegate to the National Labor Congress in 1868, Anthony persuaded the committee on female labor to call for votes for women and equal pay for equal work. The men at the conference deleted the reference to the vote.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the US, women in the Wyoming Territory were permitted to both vote and stand for office in 1869.<ref name="Wyoming">see facsimile at {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Subsequent American suffrage groups often disagreed on tactics, with the National American Woman Suffrage Association arguing for a state-by-state campaign and the National Woman's Party focusing on an amendment to the U.S. Constitution.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The 1840 constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii established a House of Representatives, but did not specify who was eligible to participate in the election of it. Some academics have argued that this omission enabled women to vote in the first elections, in which votes were cast by means of signatures on petitions; but this interpretation remains controversial.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The second constitution of 1852 specified that suffrage was restricted to males over twenty years-old.<ref name="Kauanui 2018 187–189"/>

In 1849, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, in Italy, was the first European state to have a law that provided for the vote of women, for administrative elections, taking up a tradition that was already informally sometimes present in Italy.

The 1853 Constitution of the province of Vélez in the Republic of New Granada, modern day Colombia, allowed for married women, or women older than the age of 21, the right to vote within the province. However, this law was subsequently annulled by the Supreme Court of the Republic, arguing that the citizens of the province could not have more rights than those already guaranteed to the citizens of the other provinces of the country, thus eliminating female suffrage from this province in 1856.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1881 the Isle of Man, an internally self-governing dependent territory of the British Crown, enfranchised women property owners. With this it provided the first action for women's suffrage within the British Isles.<ref name="elections.org.nz"/>

The Pacific commune of Franceville (now Port Vila, Vanuatu), maintained independence from 1889 to 1890, becoming the first self-governing nation to adopt universal suffrage without distinction of sex or color, although only white males were permitted to hold office.<ref>"Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government", Hawaiian Gazette, November 1, 1895, p. 1.</ref>

For countries that have their origins in self-governing colonies but later became independent nations in the 20th century, the Colony of New Zealand was the first to acknowledge women's right to vote in 1893, largely due to a movement led by Kate Sheppard. The British protectorate of Cook Islands rendered the same right in 1893 as well.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Another British colony, South Australia, followed in 1895, enacting laws which not only extended voting to women, but also made women eligible to stand for election to its parliament.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="FennaRobbins2013" />Template:Refn

20th century

File:French pro women's suffrage poster 1934.jpg

French pro-suffrage poster, 1934

Following the federation of the British colonies in Australia in 1901, the new federal government enacted the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 which allowed female British subjects to vote and stand for election on the same terms as men. However, many indigenous Australians remained excluded from voting federally until 1962.<ref name="Indigenous Australians">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The first place in Europe to introduce women's suffrage was the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1906, and it also became the first place in continental Europe to implement racially-equal suffrage for women.<ref name="eduskunta.fi" /><ref name="web.archive.org" /> As a result of the 1907 parliamentary elections, Finland's voters elected 19 women as the first female members of a representative parliament. This was one of many self-governing actions in the Russian autonomous province that led to conflict with the Russian governor of Finland, ultimately leading to the creation of the Finnish nation in 1917.

In the years before World War I, women in Norway also won the right to vote. During WWI, Denmark, Russia, Germany, and Poland also recognized women's right to vote.

Canada gave right to vote to some women in 1917; women getting vote on same basis as men in 1920, that is, men and women of certain races or status being excluded from voting until 1960, when universal adult suffrage was achieved.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:1930s Gladys Misick Morrell & Sergt Henderson & table at Cavello Hill, Bermuda.jpg

A Bermuda Police Sergeant confiscates women's suffrage activist Gladys Morrell's table in the 1930s.

The Representation of the People Act 1918 saw British women over 30 gain the vote. Dutch women won the passive vote (allowed to run for parliament) after a revision of the Dutch Constitution in 1917 and the active vote (electing representatives) in 1919, and American women on August 26, 1920, with the passage of the 19th Amendment (the Voting Rights Act of 1965 secured voting rights for racial minorities). Irish women won the same voting rights as men in the Irish Free State constitution, 1922. In 1928, British women won suffrage on the same terms as men, that is, for ages 21 and older. The suffrage of Turkish women was introduced in 1930 for local elections and in 1934 for national elections.

By the time French women were granted the suffrage in July 1944 by Charles de Gaulle's government in exile, by a vote of 51 for, 16 against,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> France had been for about a decade the only Western country that did not at least allow women's suffrage at municipal elections.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Voting rights for women were introduced into international law by the United Nations' Human Rights Commission, whose elected chair was Eleanor Roosevelt. In 1948 the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; Article 21 stated: "(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures."

The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Political Rights of Women, which went into force in 1954, enshrining the equal rights of women to vote, hold office, and access public services as set out by national laws.

21st century

One of the most recent jurisdictions to acknowledge women's full right to vote was Bhutan in 2008 (its first national elections).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Most recently, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, after both national and international condemnation and activism by feminist groups, granted Saudi women the vote and right to run for office for the first time in the 2015 local elections.<ref name="photographtasneemalsultan,nationalgeographic">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Stewart 2015">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Suffrage movements

File:Emmeline Pankhurst adresses crowd.jpg

After selling her home, British activist Emmeline Pankhurst travelled constantly, giving speeches throughout Britain and the United States. One of her most famous speeches, Freedom or death, was delivered in Connecticut in 1913.

The suffrage movement was a broad one, made up of women and men with a wide range of views. In terms of diversity, the greatest achievement of the 20th-century woman suffrage movement was its extremely broad class base.<ref>Dubois, Dumneil 2012, p. 474.</ref> One major division, especially in Britain, was between suffragists, who sought to create change constitutionally, and suffragettes, led by English political activist Emmeline Pankhurst, who in 1903 formed the more militant Women's Social and Political Union.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pankhurst would not be satisfied with anything but action on the question of women's enfranchisement, with "deeds, not words" the organization's motto.<ref>Maroula Joannou, June Purvis (1998) The women's suffrage movement: new feminist perspectives Template:Webarchive, p. 157. Manchester University Press, 1998.</ref><ref>Van Wingerden, Sophia A. (1999) The women's suffrage movement in Britain, 1866–1928. Palgrave. Ch 1. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were the first two women in America to organize the women's rights convention in July 1848. Susan B. Anthony later joined the movement and helped form the National Woman's Suffrage Association (NWSA) in May 1869. Their goal was to change the 15th Amendment because it did not mention nor include women which is why the NWSA protested against it. Around the same time, there was also another group of women who supported the 15th amendment and they called themselves American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). The American Women Suffrage Association was founded by Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Thomas Wentworth Higginson, who were more focused on gaining access at a local level.<ref name="National Archives-2016">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The two groups united became one and called themselves the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).<ref name="National Archives-2016"/>

Throughout the world, the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), which was established in the United States in 1873, campaigned for women's suffrage, in addition to ameliorating the condition of prostitutes.<ref name="MarionOliver2014">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="BlockerFaheyTyrrell2003">Template:Cite book</ref> Under the leadership of Frances Willard, "the WCTU became the largest women's organization of its day and is now the oldest continuing women's organization in the United States."<ref name="Burlingame2004">Template:Cite book</ref>

There was also a diversity of views on a "woman's place". Suffragist themes often included the notions that women were naturally kinder and more concerned about children and the elderly. As Kraditor shows, it was often assumed that women voters would have a civilizing effect on politics, opposing domestic violence, liquor, and emphasizing cleanliness and community. An opposing theme, Kraditor argues, held that women had the same moral standards. They should be equal in every way and that there was no such thing as a woman's "natural role".<ref>Kraditor, Aileen S., The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement: 1890–1920 (1965), ch. 3.</ref><ref>Bolt, Christine, The Women's Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1790s to the 1920s (2014), pp. 133, 235.</ref>

For Black women in the United States, achieving suffrage was a way to counter the disfranchisement of the men of their race.<ref name="Dubois, Dumneil 2012, p. 475">Dubois, Dumneil 2012, p. 475.</ref> Despite this discouragement, black suffragists continued to insist on their equal political rights. Starting in the 1890s, African American women began to assert their political rights aggressively from within their own clubs and suffrage societies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> "If white American women, with all their natural and acquired advantages, need the ballot," argued Adella Hunt Logan of Tuskegee, Alabama, "how much more do black Americans, male and female, need the strong defense of a vote to help secure their right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness?"<ref name="Dubois, Dumneil 2012, p. 475"/>

Explanations for suffrage extensions

Scholars have proposed different theories for variations in the timing of women's suffrage across countries. These explanations include the activism of social movements, cultural diffusion and normative change, the electoral calculations of political parties, and the occurrence of major wars.<ref name="Przeworski-2009">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> According to Adam Przeworski, women's suffrage tends to be extended in the aftermath of major wars.<ref name="Przeworski-2009" />

Impact

Scholars have linked women's suffrage to subsequent economic growth,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> the rise of the welfare state,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and less interstate conflict.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Timeline

Country	Year women first granted suffrage at national level	Notes
Template:Flagicon Afghanistan	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Elections were abolished in 1929
Template:Flagicon image Albania<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	1945	Albanian women voted for the first time in the 1945 election.
Template:Flag	1962	In 1962, on its independence from France, Algeria granted equal voting rights to all men and women.
Template:Flag	1970
Template:Flagicon Angola	1975
Template:Flag	1947<ref>Hammond, Gregory, The Women's Suffrage Movement and Feminism in Argentina From Roca to Peron (University of New Mexico Press; 2011).</ref>	On September 23, 1947, the Female Enrollment Act (number 13,010) was enacted in the government of Juan Perón
Template:Flag	1917 (by application of the Russian legislation) 1919 March (by adoption of its own legislation)<ref>Vratsian, Simon Hayastani Hanrapetutyun (The Republic of Armenia, Arm.), Yerevan, 1993, p. 292.</ref>	On June 21 and 23, 1919, first direct parliamentary elections were held in Armenia under universal suffrage – every person over the age of 20 had the right to vote regardless of gender, ethnicity or religious beliefs. The 80-seat legislature contained three women deputies: Katarine Zalyan-Manukyan, Perchuhi Partizpanyan-Barseghyan and Varvara Sahakyan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Harutyunyan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1902 (Voting granted at Federal level except for "natives of Australia, Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands (other than New Zealand)") 1962 (full)	Female vote won at the colony/state level: Colony of South Australia 1895, Colony of Western Australia 1899 (with racial restrictions), New South Wales 1902, Tasmania 1903, Queensland 1905 (with racial restrictions) and Victoria 1908. Indigenous Australians were not given the right to vote in all states until 1966.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=ag>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	1918	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> First election was in February 1919.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagicon Azerbaijan	1918	Azerbaijan was the first Muslim-majority country to enfranchise women.<ref name="Tadeusz Swietochowski 2004. p. 144">Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russian Azerbaijan 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press, 2004. Template:ISBN, p. 144.</ref>
Template:Flag	1960
Template:Flag	2002	No elections were held in Bahrain between 1973 and 2002.
Template:Flag	1971 (upon its independence)
Template:Flag	1950
Template:Flagicon image British Leeward Islands (Today: Antigua and Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Anguilla)	1951
Template:Flagicon image British Windward Islands (Today: Grenada, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica)	1951
Template:Flagicon Belarusian People's Republic	1919
Template:Flag	1919/1948	Was granted in the constitution in 1919, for communal voting. Suffrage for the provincial councils and the national parliament only came in 1948.
Template:Flag (Today: Belize)	1954
Template:Flagicon Dahomey (Today: Benin)	1956
Template:Flag	1944
Template:Flag	1953
Template:Flag	1938/1952	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1965
Template:Flag	1932
Template:Flag	1959	National elections in Brunei currently suspended. Both men and women have voting rights only for local elections.
Template:Flag	1937/1944	Married women (and by default widowed women) gained the right to vote on January 18, 1937, in local elections, but could not run for office. Single women were excluded from voting. Full voting rights were bestowed by the communist regime in September 1944 and reaffirmed by an electoral law reform on June 15, 1945.<ref name="RuizRubio-Marín2012">Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flag (Today: Burkina Faso)	1958
Template:Flagicon image Burma	1922
Template:Flag	1961
Template:Flagicon Kingdom of Cambodia	1955
Template:Flagicon image British Cameroons (Today: Cameroon)	1946
Template:Flag	1917–1919 for most of Canada; Prince Edward Island in 1922; Newfoundland in 1925; Quebec in 1940; 1960 for Aboriginal People without requiring them to give up their status as before	To help win a mandate for conscription during World War I, the federal Conservative government of Robert Borden granted the vote in 1917 to war widows, women serving overseas, and the female relatives of men serving overseas. However, the same legislation, the Wartime Elections Act, disenfranchised those who became naturalized Canadian citizens after 1902. Women over 21 who were "not alien-born" and who met certain property qualifications were allowed to vote in federal elections in 1918. Women first won the vote provincially in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta in 1916; British Columbia and Ontario in 1917; Nova Scotia in 1918; New Brunswick in 1919 (women could not run for New Brunswick provincial office until 1934); Prince Edward Island in 1922; Newfoundland in 1925 (which did not join Confederation until 1949); and Quebec in 1940.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Aboriginal men and women were not given the right to vote until 1960; previously, they could only vote if they gave up their treaty status. It was not until 1948, when Canada signed the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, that it was forced to examine the issue of discrimination against Aboriginal people.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1975 (upon its independence)
Template:Flag	1957
Template:Flag	1986
Template:Flag	1958
Template:Flag	1949	From 1934 to 1949, women could vote in local elections at 25, while men could vote in all elections at 21. In both cases, literacy was required.
Template:Flag (PRC)	1949	In 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) incorporated equal rights for men and women into Constitution of the People's Republic of China (PRC), referring to the earlier Constitution of the Republic of China (ROC) in 1947. Elections in China (PRC) are based on a hierarchical electoral system in which some representatives are directly elected and some are indirectly elected.
Template:Flag	1954
Template:Flag	1956
Template:Flag (Today: Democratic Republic of the Congo)	1967
Template:Flag	1963
Template:Flag	1893
Template:Flag	1949
Template:Flag	1934
Template:Flag	1960
Template:Flag (Today: Czech Republic, Slovakia)	1920	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag (Including the Faroe Islands and, at that time, Iceland)	1908 at local elections, 1915 at national parliamentary elections
Template:Flag	1946
Template:Flag	1942
Template:Flag	1976
Template:Flag	1929/1967	Despite that Ecuador granted women suffrage in 1929, which was earlier than most independent countries in Latin America (except for Uruguay, which granted women suffrage in 1917), differences between men's and women's suffrage in Ecuador were only removed in 1967 (before 1967 women's vote was optional, while that of men was compulsory; since 1967 it is compulsory for both sexes).<ref name="womensuffrage.org"/><ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>
Template:Flag	1956
Template:Flag	1939/1950	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1963	Effectively a one-party state under the Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea since 1987; elections in Equatorial Guinea are not considered to be free or fair.
Template:Flag	No voting	There have not been elections in Eritrea since its independence in 1993.
Template:Flag	1917	Universal suffrage was declared by the Russian Provisional Government (in control of the then governorate of Estonia) on 15 March 1917 and applied in the elections of the Constituent Assembly. After becoming independent in 1918, Estonia continued its universal suffrage.
Template:Flag (Formerly: Swaziland)	1968	While there are elections in Eswatini, the country is an absolute monarchy and the most recent general election had a very low turnout, causing some to call democracy in the country into question.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagcountry (Then including Eritrea)	1955
Template:Flag	1963
Template:Flagicon Grand Duchy of Finland	1906	Women retained the right to vote when Finland gained its independence from Russia in 1917.
Template:Flag	1944	The law was enacted in 1944, but the first elections were in 1945.
Template:Flag	1956
Template:Flag	1960
Template:Flagicon Democratic Republic of Georgia	1918
Template:Flagcountry	1918
Template:Flag	1954
Template:Flag	1930 (Local Elections, Literate Only), 1952 (Unconditional)
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1945/1965	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1958
Template:Flag	1977
Template:Flag	1953
Template:Flag	1950
Template:Flag	1840–1852	Universal suffrage was established in 1840, which meant that women could vote. Opposition resulted in a specific denial of women's suffrage in the 1852 constitution.
Template:Flag	1955
Template:Flag	1949
Template:Flagcountry	1919 (partial) 1945 (full)	After 1919 men could vote from the age of 24 while women only gained the right to vote from the age of 30. There were also educational and economical criteria set for both genders, but all criteria were higher for women. After 1945 both men and women gained universal suffrage from the age of 20.
Template:Flagicon India (Then under British colonial rule)	1921 (Bombay and Madras) 1929 (All provinces, including princely states)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1937 (for Europeans only) 1945 (for all citizens, granted upon independence)
Template:Flag	1963	In 1945, during the one-year rule of the Azerbaijani Democratic Party, Iranian Azerbaijani women were allowed to vote and be elected.
Template:Flag	1980 <ref name="auto3">Al-Tamimi, H. (2019). Women and Democracy in Iraq: Gender, Politics and Nation-Building. Indien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 65</ref><ref name="auto4">The Crisis of Citizenship in the Arab World. (2017). Nederländerna: Brill. p. 435</ref>
Template:Flag	1918 (partial) 1922 (full)	From 1918, with the rest of the United Kingdom, women could vote at 30 with property qualifications or in university constituencies, while men could vote at 21 with no qualification. From separation in 1922, the Irish Free State gave equal voting rights to men and women.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flagicon Isle of Man	1881
Template:Flag	1948	Women's suffrage was granted with the declaration of independence. But prior to that in the Jewish settlement in Palestine, suffrage was granted in 1920.
Template:Flag	1925 (partial), 1945 (full)	Local elections in 1925. Full suffrage in 1945.
Template:Flag	1952
Template:Flag	1944
Template:Flag	1945
Template:Flag	1919<ref>Loi sur les Droits Electoraux, 1919</ref>	Restrictions on franchise applied to men and women until after Liberation in 1945.
Template:Flag	1974	Suffrage for educated women in 1955,<ref name="auto5">Pratt, N. (2020). Embodying Geopolitics: Generations of Women's Activism in Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon. US: University of California Press. pp. 43–44</ref> extended to all women in 1974.
Template:Flag	1924
Template:Flag	1963
Template:Flag	1967
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1948 (for both men & women)	Suffrage for both men and women were given at same date, same year right after the first constitutional law had been announced. Up to 1910, it was Korean Empire with despotic monarchy, so no one had the suffrage, and from 1910 to 1945, Korea was a colony of Japan, so again no one had suffrage for the Japanese Empire. From 1945 to 1948, South part of Korea was ruled by United States Army Military Government in Korea, so still no one had any suffrage for the government. From the first constitutional law of Korea, Korea adopted egalitarianism, giving the suffrage for both men and women at the same time.
Template:Flag	2005<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1918
Template:Flagicon Kingdom of Laos	1958
Template:Flag	1917
Template:Flag	1952<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1957, a requirement for women (but not men) to have elementary education before voting was dropped, as was voting being compulsory for men.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flag	1965
Template:Flag	1946
Template:Flagicon Kingdom of Libya	1963 (1951 local)	<ref name="auto2">Bernini, Simone. Le elezioni politiche del 1952 in Libia, "Oriente Moderno" Nuova serie, Anno 17 (78), Nr. 2 (1998), pp. 337–351, Fn. 10, p. 339.</ref>
Template:Flag	1984
Template:Flag	1918
Template:Flag	1919	Women gained the vote on May 15, 1919, through amendment of Article 52 of Luxembourg's constitution.
Template:Flag	1959
Template:Flag	1961
Template:Flagicon Federation of Malaya (Today: Malaysia)	1955	First general election for the Federal Legislative Council, two years before independence in 1957
Template:Flagicon image Maldives	1932
Template:Flag	1956
Template:Flagicon Malta	1947
Template:Flag	1979
Template:Flag	1961
Template:Flag	1956
Template:Flag	1953
Template:Flag	1979
Template:Flag	1929/1940	As part of the Kingdom of Romania, women who met certain qualifications were allowed to vote in local elections, starting in 1929. After the Constitution of 1938, voting rights were extended to women for general elections by the Electoral Law 1939.<ref name="impowr.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1940, after the formation of the Moldavian SSR, equal voting rights were granted to men and women.
Template:Flag	1962
Template:Flagicon Mongolian People's Republic	1924
Template:Flag	1963
Template:Flagicon People's Republic of Mozambique	1975
Template:Flag	1989 (upon its independence)	At independence from South Africa.
Template:Flag	1968
Template:Flag	1951 (upon gaining Democracy)
Template:Flag	1917	Women have been allowed to vote since 1919. Since 1917 women have been allowed to be voted into office.
Template:Flag (Today: Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Caribbean Netherlands)	1949
Template:Flag	1893	New Zealand was the first country to give women voting rights.
Template:Flag	1955
Template:Flag	1948
Template:Flag	1958
Template:Flag	1913
Template:Flag	2002<ref name="auto9">Pernille Arenfeldt, Nawar Al-Hassan Golley, red (2012). Mapping Arab Women's Movements: A Century of Transformations from Within. Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN</ref>	While, technically, elections take place in Oman, this is only to elect a consultative assembly with no power, as Oman is an absolute monarchy. Municipal suffrage introduced in Muscat in 1994, municipal suffrage in all Oman in 1996, and national suffrage in 2002.<ref name="auto9"/>
Template:Flag	1947 (upon its independence)	In 1947, on its creation at the partition of India, Pakistan granted full voting rights to men and women.
Template:Flag	1979
Template:Flag	1972	Women (and men) first voted in local elections in the West Bank in 1972. Women (and men) first elected a Palestinian parliament in 1996. However, the last general election was in 2006; there was supposed to be another in 2014 but elections have been delayed indefinitely.
Template:Flag	1941/1946	Limited women's suffrage from 1941 (conditioned by level of education) equal women's suffrage from 1946.<ref name="womensuffrage.org"/>
Template:Flag	1964
Template:Flag	1961
Template:Flag	1955
Template:Flag	1937	Filipino women voted in a 1937 plebiscite for their right to vote; women first voted in local elections later that year.
Template:Flag	1838
Template:Flag	1918
Template:Flag	1911/1931/1976	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> restrictions other than age requirements lifted in 1976.<ref name=idea.int/><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1929/1935	Limited suffrage was passed for women, restricted to those who were literate. In 1935 the legislature approved suffrage for all women.
Template:Flag	1997	While required by the constitution, general elections had been repeatedly delayed.<ref name="qatar-dohanews">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Municipal elections have been held often.
Template:Flag	1929/1939/1946	Starting in 1929, women who met certain qualifications were allowed to vote in local elections. After the Constitution from 1938, the voting rights were extended to women for general elections by the Electoral Law 1939. Women could vote on equal terms with men, but both men and women had restrictions, and in practice the restrictions affected women more than men. In 1946, full equal voting rights were granted to men and women.<ref name="impowr.org"/>
Template:Flagicon Russian Republic	1917	On July 20, 1917, under the Provisional Government.
Template:Flag	1961
Template:Flag	2015	In December 2015, women were first allowed to vote and run for office. However, there are no national elections in Saudi Arabia. The country is an absolute monarchy.
Template:Flag	1990	While elections in Samoa restrict candidacy to matai, there is universal suffrage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1959
Template:Flag	1975
Template:Flag	1945
Template:Flag	1948
Template:Flag	1961	In the 1790s, while Sierra Leone was still a colony, women voted in the elections.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	1947
Template:Flag	1974
Template:Flag	1956
Template:Flag	1930 (European and Asian women) 1994 (all women)	Women of other races were enfranchised in 1994, at the same time as men of all races.
Template:Flag	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> /October 1, 1931<ref name="Congress" /><ref name="20minutos.es-2006">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="El Español-2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 1977<ref name="20minutos.es-2006"/>	Women briefly held the right to vote from 1924 to 1926, but an absence of elections mean they never had the opportunity to go to the polls until 1933, after earning the right to vote in the 1931 Constitution passed after the elections.<ref name="Congress" /><ref name="20minutos.es-2006"/><ref name="El Español-2018" /> The government fell after only two elections in which women could vote, and no one would vote again until after the death of Francisco Franco.<ref name="20minutos.es-2006"/>
Template:Flag (Formerly: Ceylon)	1931
Template:Flag	1964
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Suriname	1948
Template:Flag	1919
Template:Flag	1971 at federal level, between 1959 and 1990 at local canton level	Women obtained the right to vote in national elections in 1971.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Women obtained the right to vote at local canton level between 1959 (Vaud and Neuchâtel in that year) and 1972, except for 1989 in Appenzell Ausserrhoden and 1990 in Appenzell Innerrhoden.<ref name="Women dominate new Swiss cabinet">Template:Cite news</ref> See also Women's suffrage in Switzerland.
Template:Flag	1949
File:Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1840).svg Grand Duchy of Tuscany	1848
Template:Flag	1947	In 1945, the island of Taiwan was returned from Japan to China. In 1947, women won the suffrage under the Constitution of the Republic of China. In 1949, the Government of the Republic of China (ROC) lost mainland China and moved to Taiwan.
Template:Flag	1924
Template:Flag	1959
Template:Flag	1932
Template:Flag	1945
Template:Flag	1960
Template:Flagicon Trinidad and Tobago	1925	Suffrage was granted for the first time in 1925 to either sex, to men over the age of 21 and women over the age of 30, as in the United Kingdom (the "Mother Country", since Trinidad and Tobago was still a colony at the time)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1945, full suffrage was granted to women.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1957
Template:Flag	1930 (for local elections), 1934 (for national elections)
Template:Flag	1924
Template:Flag	1967
Template:Flag	1962
Template:Flag	1917 Ukrainian People's Republic,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> 1918 (West Ukrainian People's Republic), 1919 (Ukrainian SSR)	The Ukrainian People's Republic held аn election on Template:OldStyleDate.
Template:Flag	2006	Elections in the United Arab Emirates occur on a national level. However, their democratic usefulness is disputed.<ref>2011 United Arab Emirates parliamentary election</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1918 (partial) 1928 (full)	From 1918 to 1928, women could vote at 30 with property qualifications or as graduates of UK universities, while men could vote at 21 with no qualification. From 1928 women had equal suffrage with men.
Template:Flag	1920 (nearly all) 1965 (legal protections)	Before the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, individual states had passed legislation that allowed women to vote in different types of elections; some only allowed women to vote in school or municipal elections, some required women to own property if they wanted to vote, and some territories extended full suffrage to women, only to take it away once they became states.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Many states allowed women to hold a few office positions before gaining the right to vote.<ref name="Katz-2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although legally entitled to vote, black people (including black women) were effectively denied voting rights in numerous Southern states until 1965.
Template:Flag	1936	Beginning in 1936 women could vote; however, this vote, as with men, was limited to those who could prove they had an income of $300 per year or more.
Template:Flag	1917/1927/1932	Uruguay was the first country in all of the Americas – and one of the first in the world – to grant women fully equal civil rights and universal suffrage (in its Constitution of 1917), though this suffrage was first exercised in 1927, in the 1927 Cerro Chato referendum,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was put into national law through a decree in 1932.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first national election in which women voted was the 1938 Uruguayan general election.<ref name="Miller1991">Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flag	1938
Template:Flag	1975
Template:Flag	No voting	The Pope, elected by the all-male College of Cardinals through a secret ballot, is the leader of the Catholic Church, and exercises ex officio supreme legislative, executive, and judicial power over the State of the Vatican City.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	1946 (partial)	Though there are disputes as to the legitimacy of elections in Venezuela, they are ongoing at a national level.
Template:Flag	1946	1946 North Vietnamese legislative election
Template:Flag (Today: Yemen)	1970
Template:Flag (Today: Yemen)	1967
Template:Flag	1962 (then Northern Rhodesia)	Women's suffrage granted in Northern Rhodesia in 1962.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag (Today: Zimbabwe)	1919 (whites only)	1978 (full)
Template:Flag (Today: Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia)	1945

By continent

Africa

Algeria

Women's suffrage was in place in Algeria from 1962.

Women's suffrage was introduced in Algeria by the French colonial authorities after a long struggle, and confirmed after Algeria became an independent nation in 1962. Women's suffrage was introduced in France in 1944. This right automatically included French women residing in French Algeria; but it did not include Muslim Algerian women, since indigenous Algerians was not governed by French law, but indigenous Islamic law.<ref>Maamri, M. R. (2015). The State of Algeria: The Politics of a Post-Colonial Legacy. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p.</ref>

The advocates of women's suffrage raised the question of an extension of suffrage to Muslim women in Algeria to the French National Assembly in 1947;<ref name="p113">Maamri, M. R. (2015). The State of Algeria: The Politics of a Post-Colonial Legacy. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 113</ref> in September 1947 the Organic Statute was passed which granted citizenship to Muslim women in Algeria, but Article 4 of the statue gave the Algerian Assembly free choice to decide when to exercise and introduce that reform.<ref name="p113"/> In 1949 the Justrabo Proposal put forvard in the Algerian Assembly suggested to extend suffrage to educated Muslim women, which was a very small minority, but the suggestion did not pass.<ref>Maamri, M. R. (2015). The State of Algeria: The Politics of a Post-Colonial Legacy. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 114</ref>

When the UN created the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) the French UN-delegate Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux worked to have France ratify it in order to force them to introduce suffrage in Algeria.<ref>Maamri, M. R. (2015). The State of Algeria: The Politics of a Post-Colonial Legacy. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 114–115</ref> She succeeded on 20 December 1952 when General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Political Rights of Women.<ref>Maamri, M. R. (2015). The State of Algeria: The Politics of a Post-Colonial Legacy. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 115</ref> After this, there was great pressure on France to introduce this reform in the Algerian colony. The French colonial authorities finally passed women's suffrage in 1958.<ref>Harrison, N. (2019). Our Civilizing Mission: The Lessons of Colonial Education. Storbritannien: Liverpool University Press. p. 210</ref>

Algeria became an independent nation in 1962, and the Algerian Constitution of 1962 confirmed the existing equal political rights to vote and be elected to all citizens.<ref>Maamri, M. R. (2015). The State of Algeria: The Politics of a Post-Colonial Legacy. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 71</ref>

Egypt

The struggle for women's suffrage in Egypt first sparked from the nationalist 1919 Revolution in which women of all classes took to the streets in protest against the British occupation. The struggle was led by several Egyptian women's rights pioneers in the first half of the 20th century through protest, journalism, and lobbying, and through women's organizations, primarily the Egyptian Feminist Union (EFU). President Gamal Abdel-Nasser consolidated women's suffrage in 1956 after they were denied the vote in elections for the Egyptian government under the British, who suppressed popular movement and interfered with democratic processes in parliament under the Egyptian monarchy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Liberia

In 1920, the women's movement organized in the National Liberian Women's Social and Political Movement, who campaigned without success for women's suffrage, followed by the Liberia Women's League and the Liberian Women's Social and Political Movement,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and in 1946, limited suffrage was finally introduced for women of the privileged Libero-American elite, and expanded to universal women's suffrage in 1951.<ref name="pam">Template:Cite book</ref>

Libya

In Kingdom of Libya (1951–1969) the 1951 Constitution did secure women basic rights, since they were not excluded from the rights granted to all citizens under the constitution. A women's movement was organized by a minority of educated urban elite women who wished to secure women equal rights, starting with the first women's association in Benghazi 1955, followed by bone in Tripoli in 1957.<ref>Habib, H. (1981). Libya Past and Present. Libyen: Edam Publishing House. 20</ref>

The municial suffrage was granted in 1951.<ref name="auto2"/> The Constitution of 1963 extended the suffrage to women.<ref>Nyrop, R. F. (1973). Area Handbook for Libya. US: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 37</ref>

Morocco

Women's suffrage was introduced in Morocco in 1963.<ref name="auto4"/>

The right to vote was technically granted for both the local and national levels on 1 September 1959.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This right was however not enforced until 18 June 1963.

The first woman was elected to Parliament in 1993, thirty years after women first participated in the election as voters.

Sierra Leone

One of the first occasions when women were able to vote was in the elections of the Nova Scotian settlers at Freetown. In the 1792 elections, all heads of household could vote and one-third were ethnic African women.<ref>Simon Schama, Rough Crossings, (2006), p. 431.</ref> Women won the right to vote in Sierra Leone in 1930.<ref name=Denzer>Template:Cite book</ref>

South Africa

The campaign for women's suffrage was conducted largely by the Women's Enfranchisement Association of the Union, which was founded in 1911.<ref>Ian Christopher Fletcher, Philippa Levine, Laura E. Nym Mayhall :Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation and Race</ref>

The franchise was extended to white women 21 years or older by the Women's Enfranchisement Act, 1930. The first general election at which women could vote was the 1933 election. At that election Leila Reitz (wife of Deneys Reitz) was elected as the first female MP, representing Parktown for the South African Party. The limited voting rights available to non-white men in the Cape Province and Natal (Transvaal and the Orange Free State practically denied all non-whites the right to vote, and had also done so to white foreign nationals when independent in the 1800s) were not extended to women, and were themselves progressively eliminated between 1936 and 1968.

The right to vote for the Transkei Legislative Assembly, established in 1963 for the Transkei bantustan, was granted to all adult citizens of the Transkei, including women. Similar provision was made for the Legislative Assemblies created for other bantustans. All adult coloured citizens were eligible to vote for the Coloured Persons Representative Council, which was established in 1968 with limited legislative powers; the council was however abolished in 1980. Similarly, all adult Indian citizens were eligible to vote for the South African Indian Council in 1981. In 1984 the Tricameral Parliament was established, and the right to vote for the House of Representatives and House of Delegates was granted to all adult Coloured and Indian citizens, respectively.

In 1994 the bantustans and the Tricameral Parliament were abolished and the right to vote for the National Assembly was granted to all adult citizens.

Southern Rhodesia

Southern Rhodesian white women won the vote in 1919 and Ethel Tawse Jollie (1875–1950) was elected to the Southern Rhodesia legislature 1920–1928, the first woman to sit in any national Commonwealth Parliament outside Westminster. The influx of women settlers from Britain proved a decisive factor in the 1922 referendum that rejected annexation by a South Africa increasingly under the sway of traditionalist Afrikaner Nationalists in favor of Rhodesian Home Rule or "responsible government". Black Rhodesian males qualified for the vote in 1923 (based only upon property, assets, income, and literacy). It is unclear when the first black woman qualified for the vote.

Tunisia

Women's suffrage was introduced in Tunisia in 1957.

The context of the introduction of women's suffrage in Tunisia was a part of a big reform program in women's rights. Tunisia became an independent nation in 1956 and saw a number of progressive reforms in favor of women's rights under the Secular President Habib Bourguiba, whose Code of Personal Statue (CSP) replaced the Islamic sharia law with a secular family law: raised the age of marriage, abolished arranged marriages and polygamy and introduced equal divorce law, as well as breaking Islamic sex segregation and encouraged women to appear unveiled.<ref>Tchaïcha, J. D., Arfaoui, K. (2017). The Tunisian Women's Rights Movement: From Nascent Activism to Influential Power-broking. Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p. 78</ref> This progressive policy was completed by the introduction of women's suffrage the same year. Women were granted the right to vote in 1957, and became eligible for political office in 1959.<ref>Freedom House, Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa 2010 – Tunisia, 3 March 2010, https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/freehou/2010/en/72312 [accessed 17 February 2025]</ref>

Asia

Afghanistan

File:Women voting afghanistan 2004 usaid.jpg

Women voting in Kabul at the first presidential election (October 2004) in Afghan history

Women were granted suffrage in 1919 but elections were abolished in 1929.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Women were again granted suffrage in 1964,<ref name="ABC-CLIO-2020">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Sankey, Margaret D.-2018">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Springer-2018">Template:Cite book</ref> and have been able to vote in Afghanistan since 1965 (except during Taliban rule, 1996–2001, when no elections were held).<ref name=Timeline /> Template:As of, women have been casting fewer ballots in part due to being unaware of their voting rights.<ref>"Fewer Women Cast Votes In Afghanistan." Herizons 23.2 (2009): 7. Academic Search Complete. Web. October 4, 2016.</ref> In the 2014 election, Afghanistan's elected president pledged to bring women equal rights.<ref>Jason, Straziuso. "Afghanistan's President-Elect Promises Prominent Role, Equal Rights For Country's Women." Canadian Press, The (n.d.): Newspaper Source Plus. Web. October 4, 2016.</ref>

In early 2021, there were 69 women elected as Members of Parliament in Afghanistan; however, after the Fall of Kabul in late 2021, 60 of them fled the country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Legally, women are allowed to vote.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, there have been no government elections in the country since 2021, and all political parties have been banned since 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Bahrain

The Bahrain formally introduced women's suffrage in 2002, when Article 1, Paragraph E, of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Bahrain, explicitly included women in the citizens eligible to vote.<ref>Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Citizenship and Justice. (2005). US: Freedom House. p. 61</ref>

Bangladesh

Bangladesh was (mostly) the province of Bengal in British India until 1947 when it became part of Pakistan. It became an independent nation in 1971. Women have had equal suffrage since 1947, and they have reserved seats in parliament. Bangladesh is notable in that since 1991, two women, namely Sheikh Hasina and Begum Khaleda Zia, have served terms as the country's Prime Minister continuously. Women have traditionally played a minimal role in politics beyond the anomaly of the two leaders; few used to run against men; few have been ministers. Recently, however, women have become more active in politics, with several prominent ministerial posts given to women and women participating in national, district and municipal elections against men and winning on several occasions. Choudhury and Hasanuzzaman argue that the strong patriarchal traditions of Bangladesh explain why women are so reluctant to stand up in politics.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

China

The fight for women's suffrage in China was organized when Tang Qunying founded the women's suffrage organization Nüzi chanzheng tongmenghui, to ensure that women's suffrage would be included in the first Constitution drafted after the abolition of the Chinese monarchy in 1911–1912.<ref>Bailey, Paul J. (2012) Women and Gender in Twentieth-Century ChinaTemplate:Dead link. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 96. Template:ISBN</ref> A short but intense period of campaigning was ended with failure in 1914.

In the following period, local governments in China introduced women's suffrage in their own territories, such as Hunan and Guangdong in 1921 and Sichuan in 1923.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Women's suffrage was included by the Kuomintang Government in the Constitution of 1936,<ref name="China">Template:Cite book</ref> but because of the war, the reform could not be enacted until after the war and was finally introduced in 1947.<ref name="China" />

India

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Women in India were allowed to vote right from the first general elections after the independence of India in 1947 unlike during the British rule who resisted allowing women to vote.<ref name="BBCWomen">Template:Cite news</ref> The Women's Indian Association (WIA) was founded in 1917. It sought votes for women and the right to hold legislative office on the same basis as men. These positions were endorsed by the main political groupings, the Indian National Congress.<ref name = Basu>Template:Cite journal</ref> British and Indian feminists combined in 1918 to publish a magazine Stri Dharma that featured international news from a feminist perspective.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1919 in the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, the British set up provincial legislatures which had the power to grant women's suffrage. Madras in 1921 granted votes to wealthy and educated women, under the same terms that applied to men. The other provinces followed, but not the princely states (which did not have votes for men either, being monarchies).<ref name = Basu/> In Bengal province, the provincial assembly rejected it in 1921 but Southard shows an intense campaign produced victory in 1921. Success in Bengal depended on middle class Indian women, who emerged from a fast-growing urban elite. The women leaders in Bengal linked their crusade to a moderate nationalist agenda, by showing how they could participate more fully in nation-building by having voting power. They carefully avoided attacking traditional gender roles by arguing that traditions could coexist with political modernization.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Whereas wealthy and educated women in Madras were granted voting right in 1921, in Punjab the Sikhs granted women equal voting rights in 1925, irrespective of their educational qualifications or being wealthy or poor. This happened when the Gurdwara Act of 1925 was approved. The original draft of the Gurdwara Act sent by the British to the Sharomani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee (SGPC) did not include Sikh women, but the Sikhs inserted the clause without the women having to ask for it. Equality of women with men is enshrined in the Guru Granth Sahib, the sacred scripture of the Sikh faith.

In the Government of India Act 1935 the British Raj set up a system of separate electorates and separate seats for women. Most women's leaders opposed segregated electorates and demanded adult franchise. In 1931 the Congress promised universal adult franchise when it came to power. It enacted equal voting rights for both men and women in 1947.<ref name = Basu/>

Indonesia

Indonesia granted women voting rights for municipal councils in 1905. Only men who could read and write could vote, which excluded many non-European males. At the time, the literacy rate for males was 11% and for females 2%. The main group that pressed for women's suffrage in Indonesia was the Dutch Vereeninging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht (VVV-Women's Suffrage Association), founded in the Netherlands in 1894. VVV tried to attract Indonesian members, but had very limited success because the leaders of the organization had little skill in relating to even the educated class of Indonesians. When they eventually did connect somewhat with women, they failed to sympathize with them and ended up alienating many well-educated Indonesians. In 1918, the first national representative body, the Volksraad, was formed which still excluded women from voting. Indigenous women did not organize until the Perikatan Perempuan Indonesia (PPI, Indonesian Women Association) in 1928. In 1935, the colonial administration used its power of nomination to appoint a European woman to the Volksraad. In 1938, women gained the right to be elected to urban representative institutions, which led to some Indonesian and European women entering municipal councils. Eventually, only European women and municipal councils could vote,Template:Clarify excluding all other women and local councils. In September 1941, the Volksraad extended the vote to women of all races. Finally, in November 1941, the right to vote for municipal councils was granted to all women on a similar basis to men (subject to property and educational qualifications).<ref name=Blackburn>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Iran

File:1963 Iranian legislative election.jpg

1963 Iranian legislative election

Women's suffrage had been expressly excluded in the Iranian Constitution of 1906 and a women's rights movement had been organized, which supported women's suffrage.

In 1942, the Women's party of Iran (Ḥezb-e zanān-e Īrān) was founded to work to introduce the reform, and in 1944, the women's group of the Tudeh Party of Iran, the Democratic Society of Women (Jāmeʿa-ye demokrāt-e zanān) put forward a suggestion of women's suffrage in the Parliament, which was however blocked by the Islamic conservatives.<ref name="iranicaonline.org">Hamideh Sedghi, “Feminist Movements iii. In the Pahlavi Period,” Encyclopædia Iranica, IX/5, pp. 492–498.</ref> In 1956, a new campaign for women's suffrage was launched by the New Path Society (Jamʿīyat-e rāh-e now), the Association of Women Lawyers (Anjoman-e zanān-e ḥoqūqdān) and the League of Women Supporters of Human Rights (Jamʿīyat-e zanān-e ṭarafdār-e ḥoqūq-e bašar).<ref name="iranicaonline.org"/>

After this, the reform was actively supported by the Shah and included as a part of his modernization program, the White Revolution. A referendum in January 1963 overwhelmingly approved by voters gave women the right to vote, a right previously denied to them under the Iranian Constitution of 1906 pursuant to Chapter 2, Article 3.<ref name=Timeline />Template:Dead link

Iraq

Full women's suffrage was introduced in Iraq in 1980.

The campaign for women's suffrage started in the 1920s. The women's movement in Iraq organized in 1923 with the Nahda al-Nisa (Women's Awakening Club), led by Asma al-Zahawi and with elite women such as Naima a-Said, and Fakhriyya al-Askari among their members.<ref name="auto">Zuhur, S. (2006). Iraq, Women's Empowerment, and Public Policy. US: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. pp. 12–13</ref> King Faysal himself had supported women's suffrage during his prior short tenure as king in Syria. Feminists such as Mary Wazir and Paulina Hasun raised the issue in the 1920s.<ref name="auto"/> Paulina Hassan published the first Iraqi women's magazine, Layla, in 1923–1925, followed by a number of women's magazines in the 1930s and 1940s that voiced feminist demands.<ref>Al-Tamimi, H. (2019). Women and Democracy in Iraq: Gender, Politics and Nation-Building. Indien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 20</ref> When the Constituent Assembly of Iraq was inaugurated in 1924, Paulina Hassun appealed to the Assembly that women should not be excluded from political participation in the new nation, and one of the members, Amjad al-Umari, unsuccessfully proposed that the word "male" be erased from the Electoral Law to include women in it.<ref name="auto6">Efrati, N. (2012). Women in Iraq: Past Meets Present. Tyskland: Columbia University Press.</ref>

The Women's suffrage reform was primarily supported by the opposition parties, notably the Iraq Communist Party.<ref name="auto7">Al-Tamimi, H. (2019). Women and Democracy in Iraq: Gender, Politics and Nation-Building. Indien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 21</ref> During the 1930s, the Communist ICP and the leftist al-Ahali supported women's suffrage.<ref name="auto6"/> Even those supporting the reform, however, often did so with the reservation that woman should reach a higher level of education before they were ready for it.<ref name="auto7"/>

The Iraqi monarchy prioritized foreign policy rather than internal issues and showed little enthusiasm to address the issue of women's suffrage.<ref>Al-Tamimi, H. (2019). Women and Democracy in Iraq: Gender, Politics and Nation-Building. Indien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 22</ref> The monarchy was careful to avoid alienating conservative and religious circles, who considered women's suffrage as incompatible with the "nature" of women, the proper social order and gender hierarchies, and women's suffrage was not given refused serious consideration.<ref name="auto6"/> Both the Sunni and Shia clergy rejected women's suffrage as being in opposition to the natural roles of gender, as the "joke of the day", an attack on the law of nature and the proper way of life, since women were the weaker sex and "lesser persons" similar to children.<ref name="auto6"/> When women's suffrage in Syria was introduced in 1949, MP Farhan al-Irs of al-Amara commented: "Women are shameful. How could they possibly sit with men?"<ref name="auto6"/>

In 1951 a motion to include women in the Electoral Law was rejected in the Chamber of Deputies.<ref name="auto6"/> During the discussion to change the electoral law to include women's suffrage in March–April 1951, the MP Abd al-Abbas of Diwaniyya opposed suffrage as this would contradict Islamic sex segregation, as elected women MP would then sit among male MPs in the Chamber of Deputies: "Is this not forbidden? Are we not all of Islam?"<ref name="auto6"/>

An electoral decree in December 1952 provided direct elections but did not include women.<ref name="auto6"/> A Sunni scholar published an article in the paper al-Sijill in October 1952 named "The Crime of Equality Between Men and Women": as an imam and khatib of the mosques of Baghdad and scholar of the al-Azhar University, he stated that women's suffrage was a plot against Islam and contrary to Quranic verses which delineated gender hierarchies that made women in politics incompatible.<ref name="auto6"/>

A number of women's organization was founded in the 1940s and 1950s that campaigned for women's rights including suffrage, notably the Iraqi Union for Women's Rights (1952).<ref name="auto7"/> Naziha al-Dulaimi of the League for Defence of Women's Rights (Iraqi Women's League), which gathered 42,000 members, campaigned for gender equality (including suffrage), organized educational programs, provided social services, established 78 literacy centers, and drafted the 1959 Personal Status Law, which was accepted and introduced by the Government.<ref>Al-Tamimi, H. (2019). Women and Democracy in Iraq: Gender, Politics and Nation-Building. Indien: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 22–25</ref> In the 1950s the Iraqi Women's Union petitioned senior state figures including the prime minister and wrote articles in the press.<ref name="auto6"/>

A Week of Women's Rights was launched in October 1953 by Iraqi Women's Union suffrage, who arranged a sumposium and voiced their demand in radio programs and articles in the press to campaigned for women's suffrage.<ref name="auto6"/> As a response, the Islamic clergy launched a Week of Virtue and called for a general strike against women's suffrage and called for women to "stay at home" since women's suffrage was against Islam.<ref name="auto6"/> During the Week of Virtue, the Sunni Nihal al-Zahawi, daughter of Amjad al-Zahawi, head of the Muslim Sisters Society (Jamiyyat al-Aukht al-Muslima), spoke on the radio against women's suffrage: she described the suffragists as women who revolted against the very Islam that gave them rights, and that women's suffrage was lamentable since it broke sex segregation and resulted in gender mixing, which was an unrestricted liberty that broke the rules of against Islam.<ref name="auto6"/>

A breakthrough came in 1958. During the Arab Union of Iraq-Jordan, the Iraqi Constitution was set, in March 1958, to be amended to include women's suffrage later that year, but the matter became moot when the monarchy was abolished in July that year.<ref name="auto6"/> An unnamed MP to the newspaper al-Hawadith that he could never run against a female candidate, since if he lost he would have lost to a woman, which would have been dishonorable, and if he won, he would only have won over a woman; he claimed many male MPs felt the same, and that voters would also feel dishonored by being represented and ruled by a woman.<ref name="auto6"/> The MP Tawfq al-Mukhtar commented to a reporter: "Friends, women's rights bother me a lot, and anybody who condemns or criticizes them gives me great pleasure"; he added that he would withdraw if he was put against a female candidate, and he was one of four MPs to vote against the proposed amendment of March 1958.<ref name="auto6"/>

In 1958 the Iraqi Monarchy was replaced by the Baathis regime. The early Baathist regime saw women's emancipation in many aspects, with urban liberal modernist women enjoying professional and educational equality and appearing unveiled.<ref name="auto1">Al-Tamimi, H. (2019). Women and Democracy in Iraq: Gender, Politics and Nation-Building. Indien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 23</ref> The Baathist Party supported women's rights by principle, though it initially focused in expanding women's educational and professional rights rather than their political rights.<ref name="auto"/> Article 19 of the Iraqi Provisional Constitution of 1970 granted all Iraqi citizens equal before the law regardless of sex, blood, language, social origin or religion, and the state women's umbrella organization General Foundation of Iraqi Women (GFIW) of 1972 guaranteed women's full equal rights in the professional and educational sphere, prevented all discrimination and recognized women's political participation in principle.<ref>Al-Tamimi, H. (2019). Women and Democracy in Iraq: Gender, Politics and Nation-Building. Indien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 25</ref> However, while women's rights progressed in other aspects, the political rights was delayed. The regime was unstable and saw four regime changes in the 1960s.<ref name="auto1"/>

In 1980 full suffrage was granted and women were given the right to vote and be elected to political office.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto4"/> The suffrage reform was granted when the new Iraq National Assembly was formed before the 1980s Elections, and 16 of 250 seats where filled by women.<ref>Al-Tamimi, H. (2019). Women and Democracy in Iraq: Gender, Politics and Nation-Building. Indien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 26</ref>

Israel

Women have had full suffrage since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.

In 1920, the Union of Hebrew Women for Equal Rights in Erez Israel launched a campaign that women's suffrage and equal rights for women should be included in the Jewish Authority of the British Palestina Mandate; in 1926, the Jewish Authority granted women's suffrage to the Jewish Authority, and declared that women would be given equal right to vote in the future Jewish State, a promise that was fullfilled upon the foundation of Israel in 1947, followed by equal rights being included in the Constitution of 1951.<ref>Safran, Hannah and Margalit Shilo. "Union of Hebrew Women for Equal Rights in Erez Israel." Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. 23 June 2021. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on October 16, 2023) <https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/union-of-hebrew-women-for-equal-rights-in-erez-israel>.</ref>

The first (and only) woman to be elected Prime Minister of Israel was Golda Meir in 1969.

Japan

File:Woman's Rights Meeting Tokyo.jpg

Women's Rights meeting in Tokyo, to push for women's suffrage

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Although women were allowed to vote in some prefectures in 1880, women's suffrage was enacted at a national level in 1945 with the end of the world war.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Retrieved from Internet Archive January 14, 2014.</ref>

The campaign for women's suffrage started in 1923, when the women's umbrella organization Tokyo Rengo Fujinkai was founded and created several sub groups to address different women's issues, one of whom, Fusen Kakutoku Domei (FKD), was to work for the introduction of women's suffrage and political rights.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The campaign was gradually reduced due to difficulties in the 1930s fascist era; the FKD was banned after the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese war, and women's suffrage could not be introduced until it was incorporated in the new constitution after the war.<ref>Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives. (1994). US: NYU Press.</ref>

Jordan

The Arab Women's Federation under Emily Bisharat worked for the introduction of women's suffrage in Jordan in the 1950s.<ref name="auto5"/>

Suffrage were given to educated women in 1955, but the Federation continued to campaign for universal suffrage for women, collecting the thumb prints as signatures from illiterate women in support for women's suffrage.<ref name="auto5"/> Universal women's suffrage was finally granted in 1974. However, since no elections was held in Jordan until 1989, women's suffrage was not enforced until that year.

Korea

South Korean people, including South Korean women, were universally granted the vote in 1948.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Kuwait

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} When voting was first introduced in Kuwait in 1985, Kuwaiti women had the right to vote.<ref name="stat">Template:Cite book</ref> The right was later removed. In May 2005, the Kuwaiti parliament re-granted female suffrage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Lebanon

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The women's movement organized in Lebanon with the creation of the Syrian-Lebanese Women's Union in 1924; it split into the Women's Union under Ibtihaj Qaddoura and the Lebanese Women Solidarity Association under Laure Thabet in 1946. The women's movement united again when the two biggest women's organizations, the Lebanese Women's Union and the Christian Women's Solidarity Association created the Lebanese Council of Women in 1952 to campaign for women's suffrage, a task that finally succeeded, after an intense campaign.<ref name=Arenfeldt>Template:Cite book</ref>

Oman

After the 1970 Omani coup d'état, women's position in society was being reassessed in connection to the national modernization program, and many reforms in women's rights was introduced alongside the establishment of the state feminist Omani Women's Association.

The modernization in women's rights in Oman was followed by municipal suffrage in Muscat in 1994 (with the first two women elected to the local Shura the same year), municipal suffrage in all Oman in 1996, and national suffrage in 2002.<ref name="auto9"/>

Pakistan

The provinces that now constitute Pakistan were a part of northwest British India until 1947, when the partition of India occurred. Women received full suffrage in 1947. Muslim women leaders from all classes actively supported the Pakistan movement in the mid-1940s. Their movement was led by wives and other relatives of leading politicians. Women were sometimes organized into large-scale public demonstrations. In November 1988, Benazir Bhutto became the first Muslim woman to be elected as prime minister of a Muslim country.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Philippines

File:President Quezon signing the Women’s Suffrage Bill.jpg

Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon signing the Women's Suffrage Bill following the 1937 plebiscite

The Philippines was one of the first countries in Asia to grant women the right to vote.<ref name="Iwanaga-2008">Template:Cite book</ref> The women's movement organized in the early 20th-century in organizations such as the Asociacion Feminista Filipina (1904) the Society for the Advancement of Women (SAW) and the Asociaction Feminist Ilonga, who campaigned for women's suffrage and other rights for gender equality.<ref>Kathleen Nadeau, Sangita Rayamajhi Women's Roles in Asia</ref> Suffrage for Filipinas was achieved following an all-female, special plebiscite held on April 30, 1937. 447,725 – some ninety percent – voted in favour of women's suffrage against 44,307 who voted no. In compliance with the 1935 Constitution, the National Assembly passed a law which extended the right of suffrage to women, which remains to this day.<ref name="Rappaport-2001">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Iwanaga-2008" />

Qatar

Qatar formally introduced women's suffrage in 1997.<ref>Taylor, M., Symonds, D. (2017). Studying Musical Theatre: Theory and Practice. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 137</ref>

Saudi Arabia

In late September 2011, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud declared that women would be able to vote and run for office starting in 2015. That applies to the municipal councils, which are the kingdom's only semi-elected bodies. Half of the seats on municipal councils are elective, and the councils have few powers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref> The council elections have been held since 2005 (the first time they were held before that was the 1960s).<ref name="Reu01">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Saudi women did first vote and first run for office in December 2015, for those councils.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Salma bint Hizab al-Oteibi became the first elected female politician in Saudi Arabia in December 2015, when she won a seat on the council in Madrakah in Mecca province.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In all, the December 2015 election in Saudi Arabia resulted in twenty women being elected to municipal councils.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The king declared in 2011 that women would be eligible to be appointed to the Shura Council, an unelected body that issues advisory opinions on national policy.<ref>"Women in Saudi Arabia to vote and run in elections", BBC, September 25, 2011</ref> Template:'"This is great news," said Saudi writer and women's rights activist Wajeha al-Huwaider. "Women's voices will finally be heard. Now it is time to remove other barriers like not allowing women to drive cars and not being able to function, to live a normal life without male guardians.Template:"' Robert Lacey, author of two books about the kingdom, said, "This is the first positive, progressive speech out of the government since the Arab Spring.... First the warnings, then the payments, now the beginnings of solid reform." The king made the announcement in a five-minute speech to the Shura Council.<ref name="Reu01"/> In January 2013, King Abdullah issued two royal decrees, granting women thirty seats on the council, and stating that women must always hold at least a fifth of the seats on the council.<ref name="foxnews1">Template:Cite news</ref> According to the decrees, the female council members must be "committed to Islamic Shariah disciplines without any violations" and be "restrained by the religious veil".<ref name="foxnews1"/> The decrees also said that the female council members would be entering the council building from special gates, sit in seats reserved for women and pray in special worshipping places.<ref name="foxnews1"/> Earlier, officials said that a screen would separate genders and an internal communications network would allow men and women to communicate.<ref name="foxnews1"/> Women first joined the council in 2013, holding a total of thirty seats.<ref name="saudigazette1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=mul23feb>Template:Cite news</ref> There are two Saudi royal women among these thirty female members of the assembly, Sara bint Faisal Al Saud and Moudi bint Khalid Al Saud.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Furthermore, in 2013 three women were named as deputy chairpersons of three committees: Thurayya Obeid was named deputy chairwoman of the human rights and petitions committee, Zainab Abu Talib, deputy chairwoman of the information and cultural committee, and Lubna Al Ansari, deputy chairwoman of the health affairs and environment committee.<ref name="saudigazette1"/>

Syria

Women's suffrage was introduced in Syria in 1953.

While the women's suffrage reform was supported by the women's magazine Nur al-Faya of Nazik al-Abid and al-Arus of Mary Ajami, there was no organized suffrage movement in Syria, and the majority was convinced that women preserved their virtue by staying away from politics.<ref name="auto8">Meininghaus, E. (2016). Creating Consent in Ba‘thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 57</ref>

In 1920, the feminist Mary Ajami presented a petition to the Syrian Congress of 1920 during the Faisal-Government, but the subject was postphoned and forgotten after the fall of the Faisal regime.<ref name="auto8"/> When the petition of women's suffrage was discussed in the Syrian Congress in 1920, Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Kaylani stated that to given women the right to vote would be the same thing as abolish sex segregation and allow women to appear unveiled.<ref>Thompson, E. (2000). Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. USA: Columbia University Press. p. 128</ref>

In the 1930s and 1940s, the Arab Women's Union of Damascus presented a women's suffrage petition to President Hashim al-Atassi and to President Shukri al-Quwatli, as well as directly to the Parliament.<ref>Meininghaus, E. (2016). Creating Consent in Ba‘thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State. Storbritannien: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 65</ref> When the influential feminist Adila Bayhum gave her support to Husni al-Za'im, he promised her to introduce women's suffrage when he came to power in 1949, and the reform was finally introduced in 1953.<ref>Moubayed, S. M. (2006). Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900–2000. US: Cune. pp. 430–432</ref>

Sri Lanka

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In 1931, Sri Lanka (at that time Ceylon) became one of the first Asian countries to allow voting rights to women over the age of 21 without any restrictions. Since then, women have enjoyed a significant presence in the Sri Lankan political arena.

The women's movement organized on Sri Lanka under the Ceylon Women's Union in 1904, and from 1925, the Mallika Kulangana Samitiya and then the Women's Franchise Union (WFU) campaigned successfully for the introduction of women's suffrage, which was achieved in 1931.<ref>Neloufer De Mel Women & the Nation's Narrative: Gender and Nationalism in Twentieth Century</ref>

The zenith of this favourable condition to women has been the 1960 July General Elections, in which Ceylon elected the world's first female prime minister, Sirimavo Bandaranaike. She became the world's first democratically elected female head of government. Her daughter, Chandrika Kumaratunga also became the Prime Minister later in 1994, and the same year she was elected as the Executive president of Sri Lanka, making her the fourth woman in the world to be elected president, and the first female executive president.

Thailand

The Ministry of Interior's Local Administrative Act of May 1897 (Phraraachabanyat 1897 [BE 2440]) granted municipal suffrage in the election of village leader to all villagers “whose house or houseboat was located in that village,” and explicitly included women voters who met the qualifications.<ref name="Bowie2010WomensSI">Template:Cite journal</ref> This was a part of the far-reaching administrative reforms enacted by King Chulalongkorn (r. 1868–1919), in his efforts to protect Thai sovereignty.<ref name="Bowie2010WomensSI"/>

In the new constitution introduced after the Siamese revolution of 1932, which transformed Siam from an absolute monarchy to a parliamentary constitutional monarchy, women were granted the right to vote and run for office.<ref name="Loos">Loos, Tamara Lynn (2006) Subject Siam: Family, Law, and Colonial Modernity in Thailand. Cornell University Press. p. 174. Template:ISBN</ref> This reform was enacted without any prior activism in favor of women's suffrage and was followed by a number of reforms in women's rights, and it has been suggested that the reform was part of an effort by Pridi Bhanomyong to put Thailand on equal political terms with modern Western powers and establish diplomatic recognition by those as a modern nation.<ref name="Loos"/> The new right was used for the first time in 1933, and the first female MPs were elected in 1949.

United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates formally introduced women's suffrage in 2006.<ref>Jenkins, J. D. (2020). Exploring Women's Suffrage Through 50 Historic Treasures. USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.</ref>

Yemen

Historically Yemen was divided in two nations prior to its unification in 1990, both of whom already had women's suffrage prior to the unification. The history of women's suffrage is therefore split.

Women's suffrage was granted in South Yemen in 1967.<ref>Manea, E. (2012). The Arab State and Women's Rights: The Trap of Authoritarian Governance. Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p. 3</ref> The reform was a part of a number of reforms introduced in women's rights under Socialist rule. When the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen was founded as an independent nation under the Socialist NLF Party in 1967, the General Union of Yemeni Women was founded as a part of the regime's policy. The purpose of the GUYW was to enforce the official women's policy of the People's Democratic Republic regime, which was a radical and ambitions state feminism.<ref>Mapping Arab Women's Movements: A Century of Transformations from Within. (2012). Egypten: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 17, 215–218</ref>

Women's suffrage was granted in North Yemen in 1970. The Northern Yemen Arab Republic was a deeply conservative state with sharia law and no strong women's movement, were no reforms in women's rights were not prioritised during the Yemen civil war of 1962–1970. However, the Second Permanent Constitution of 1970 stated that "all citizens are equal before the law"; and while this phrase did not explicitly include women, women voters used this phrase to vote in the next election, which was held in 1983.<ref>Manea, E. (2012). The Arab State and Women's Rights: The Trap of Authoritarian Governance. Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis. p. 4</ref>

Europe

File:Savka Dabcevic Kucar.jpg

Savka Dabčević-Kučar, Croatian Spring participant; Europe's first female prime minister

In Europe, the first two countries to enact women's suffrage were Finland in 1906 and Denmark in 1913, and the last two were Switzerland and Liechtenstein. In Switzerland, women gained the right to vote in federal elections in 1971;<ref name="switzerland-chronology2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but in the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden women obtained the right to vote on local issues only in 1991, when the canton was forced to do so by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland.<ref name="wom1373">Template:Cite press release</ref> In Liechtenstein, women were given the right to vote by the women's suffrage referendum of 1984. Three prior referendums held in 1968, 1971 and 1973 had failed to secure women's right to vote.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Albania

Albania introduced a limited and conditional form of women's suffrage in 1920, and subsequently provided full voting rights in 1945.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Andorra

The Principality of Andorra introduced women's suffrage in 1970 (third last in Europe), though Andorra did not have a democratic constitution until 1993.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1969, 3708 signatures demanding women's suffrage and eligibility was presented to the Andorra Council Parliament. In April 1970, women's suffrage was introduced after a vote with 10 votes for and eight against, while however eligibility was voted down.<ref name="ara.ad">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Women's eligibility was introduced on 5 September 1973.<ref name="ara.ad"/> The first woman became MP in 1984.

Austria

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} After the breakdown of the Habsburg monarchy in 1918, Austria granted the general, equal, direct and secret right to vote to all citizens, regardless of sex, through the change of the electoral code in December 1918.<ref name="demokratiezentrum"/> The first elections in which women participated were the February 1919 Constituent Assembly elections.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Azerbaijan

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Universal voting rights were recognized in Azerbaijan in 1918 by the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.<ref name="Tadeusz Swietochowski 2004. p. 144"/> Thus, making Azerbaijan the first Muslim-majority country to enfranchise women.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This early commitment to women's rights was part of a broader movement towards secularization and modernization in the country.

Belgium

File:C1910 Jane Brigode Belgian suffragist.jpg

Jane Brigode, Belgian suffragist, Template:Circa

A revision of the constitution in October 1921 (it changed art. 47 of the Constitution of Belgium of 1831) introduced the general right to vote according to the "one man, one vote" principle. Art. 47 allowed widows of World War I to vote at the national level as well.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The introduction of women's suffrage was already put onto the agenda at the time, by means of including an article in the constitution that allowed approval of women's suffrage by special law (meaning it needed a 2/3 majority to pass).<ref>this 2/3 majority had been fixed in 1921 when Art. 47 was changed as mentioned above</ref> Belgian socialists opposed the women's suffrage, fearing their conservative leanings and their "domination" by the clergy.<ref name="Colomer-2001">Template:Cite book</ref> This happened on March 27, 1948. In Belgium, voting is compulsory.

Bulgaria

Bulgaria left Ottoman rule in 1878. Although the first adopted constitution, the Tarnovo Constitution (1879), gave women equal election rights, in fact women were disenfranchised, not allowed to vote and to be elected. The Bulgarian Women's Union was an umbrella organization of the 27 local women's organisations that had been established in Bulgaria since 1878. It was founded as a reply to the limitations of women's education and access to university studies in the 1890s, with the goal to further women's intellectual development and participation, arranged national congresses and used Zhenski glas as its organ. However, they had limited success, and women were allowed to vote and to be elected only after when Communist rule was established.

Croatia

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Czech Republic

In the former Bohemia, taxpaying women and women in "learned profession[s]" were allowed to vote by proxy and made eligible to the legislative body in 1864.<ref name="jstor.org">Template:Cite journal</ref> The first Czech female MP was elected to the Diet of Bohemia in 1912. The Declaration of Independence of the Czechoslovak Nation from October 18, 1918, declared that "our democracy shall rest on universal suffrage. Women shall be placed on equal footing with men, politically, socially, and culturally," and women were appointed to the Revolutionary National Assembly (parliament) on November 13, 1918. On June 15, 1919, women voted in local elections for the first time. Women were guaranteed equal voting rights by the constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic in February 1920 and were able to vote for the parliament for the first time in April 1920.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Cyprus

Cyprus had no organized women's movement until the mid-20th century and no activism in favor of women's suffrage, which was introduced in the new constitution of 1961 after the liberation from Britain, simply because women's suffrage had at that point came to be regarded as a given thing in international democratic standard.<ref>Vassiliadou, Myria (1997) Herstory: The Missing Woman of Cyprus, The Cyprus. Review, Vol. 9, Spring No. 1, pp. 95–120.</ref>

Denmark

File:Marie Luplau - Fra Kvindevalgretskampens første dage (1897),.jpg

Line luplau seen in the foreground on her daughter Marie Luplau's large group portrait painting From the Early Days of the Fight for Women's Suffrage (1897)

In Denmark, the Danish Women's Society (DK) debated, and informally supported, women's suffrage from 1884, but it did not support it publicly until in 1887, when it supported the suggestion of the parliamentarian Fredrik Bajer to grant women municipal suffrage.<ref name="Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon">Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon</ref> In 1886, in response to the perceived overcautious attitude of DK in the question of women suffrage, Matilde Bajer founded the Kvindelig Fremskridtsforening (or KF, 1886–1904) to deal exclusively with the right to suffrage, both in municipal and national elections, and it 1887, the Danish women publicly demanded the right for women's suffrage for the first time through the KF. However, as the KF was very much involved with worker's rights and pacifist activity, the question of women's suffrage was in fact not given full attention, which led to the establishment of the strictly women's suffrage movement Kvindevalgretsforeningen (1889–1897).<ref name="Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon"/> In 1890, the KF and the Kvindevalgretsforeningen united with five women's trade worker's unions to found the De samlede Kvindeforeninger, and through this form, an active women's suffrage campaign was arranged through agitation and demonstration. However, after having been met by compact resistance, the Danish suffrage movement almost discontinued with the dissolution of the De samlede Kvindeforeninger in 1893.<ref name="Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon"/>

In 1898, an umbrella organization, the Danske Kvindeforeningers Valgretsforbund or DKV was founded and became a part of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA).<ref name="Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon"/> In 1907, the Landsforbundet for Kvinders Valgret (LKV) was founded by Elna Munch, Johanne Rambusch and Marie Hjelmer in reply to what they considered to be the much too careful attitude of the Danish Women's Society. The LKV originated from a local suffrage association in Copenhagen, and like its rival DKV, it successfully organized other such local associations nationally.<ref name="Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon"/>

Women won the right to vote in municipal elections on April 20, 1908. However it was not until June 5, 1915 that they were allowed to vote in Rigsdag elections.<ref>Report from Denmark in European Database Women in Decision-making.</ref>

Estonia

Estonia gained its independence in 1918 with the Estonian War of Independence. However, the first official elections were held in 1917. These were the elections of temporary council (i.e. Maapäev), which ruled Estonia from 1917 to 1919. Since then, women have had the right to vote.

The parliament elections were held in 1920. After the elections, two women got into the parliament – history teacher Emma Asson and journalist Alma Ostra-Oinas. Estonian parliament is called Riigikogu and during the First Republic of Estonia it used to have 100 seats.

Finland

File:Women in Finnish Parliament (1907).jpg

13 of the total of 19 female MPs, who were the first female MPs in the world, elected in Finland's parliamentary elections in 1907

The area that in 1809 became Finland had been a group of integral provinces of the Kingdom of Sweden for over 600 years. Thus, women in Finland were allowed to vote during the Swedish Age of Liberty (1718–1772), during which conditional suffrage was granted to tax-paying female members of guilds.<ref name="Karlsson-Sjögren 1866">* Åsa Karlsson-Sjögren: Männen, kvinnorna och rösträtten : medborgarskap och representation 1723–1866 ("Men, women and the vote: citizenship and representation 1723–1866") (in Swedish)</ref> However, this right was controversial. In Vaasa, there was opposition against women participating in the town hall discussing political issues, as this was not seen as their right place, and women's suffrage appears to have been opposed in practice in some parts of the realm: when Anna Elisabeth Baer and two other women petitioned to vote in Turku in 1771, they were not allowed to do so by town officials.<ref name="books.google.se">Heinonen, Jarna and Vainio-Korhonen, Kirsi (2018) Women in Business Families: From Past to Present. Routledge. Template:ISBN.</ref>

The predecessor state of modern Finland, the Grand Duchy of Finland, was part of the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1917 and enjoyed a high degree of autonomy. In 1863, taxpaying women were granted municipal suffrage in the countryside, and in 1872, the same reform was implemented in the cities.<ref name="jstor.org"/> The issue of women's suffrage was first raised by the women's movement when it organized in the Finnish Women's Association (1884), and the first organization exclusively devoted to the issue of suffrage was Naisasialiitto Unioni (1892).<ref>Aura Korppi-Tommola (toim.): Tavoitteena tasa-arvo. Suomen Naisyhdistys 125 vuotta. SKS, 2009. Template:ISBN</ref>

In 1906, Finland became the first province in the world to implement racially-equal women's suffrage, unlike Australia in 1902. Finland also elected the world's first female members of parliament the following year.<ref name="eduskunta.fi" /><ref name="web.archive.org" /> In 1907, the first general election in Finland that had been open to women took place. Nineteen women were elected which was less than 10% of the total members of parliament. The successful women included Lucina Hagman, Miina Sillanpää, Anni Huotari, Hilja Pärssinen, Hedvig Gebhard, Ida Aalle, Mimmi Kanervo, Eveliina Ala-Kulju, Hilda Käkikoski, Liisi Kivioja, Sandra Lehtinen, Dagmar Neovius, Maria Raunio, Alexandra Gripenberg, Iida Vemmelpuu, Maria Laine, Jenny Nuotio and Hilma Räsänen. Many had expected more. A few women realised that the women of Finland needed to seize this opportunity and organisation and education would be required. Newly elected MPs Lucina Hagman and Maikki Friberg together with Olga Oinola, Aldyth Hultin, Mathilda von Troil, Ellinor Ingman-Ivalo, Sofia Streng and Olga Österberg founded the Finnish Women's Association's first branch in Helsinki.<ref name=list>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Miina Sillanpää became Finland's first female government minister in 1926.<ref name="finland.fi_female">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

France

The April 21, 1944 ordinance of the French Committee of National Liberation, confirmed in October 1944 by the French provisional government, extended the suffrage to French women.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first elections with female participation were the municipal elections of April 29, 1945 and the parliamentary elections of 21 October 1945. "Indigenous Muslim" women in French Algeria also known as Colonial Algeria, had to wait until a July 3, 1958, decree.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Although several countries had started extending suffrage to women from the end of the 19th century, France was one of the last countries to do so in Europe. In fact, the Napoleonic Code declares the legal and political incapacity of women, which blocked attempts to give women political rights.<ref name="Europe 1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> First feminist claims started emerging during the French Revolution in 1789. Condorcet expressed his support for women's right to vote in an article published in Journal de la Société de 1789, but his project failed.<ref name="Gouvernement">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 17 January 1913, Marie Denizard was the first woman to stand as a candidate in a French presidential election but the state refused to acknowledge her.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After World War I, French women continued demanding political rights, and despite the Chamber of Deputies being in favor, the Senate continuously refused to analyze the law proposal.<ref name="Gouvernement"/> Socialists, and more generally, the political left repeatedly opposed the right to vote for women because they feared their more conservative preferences and their "domination" by priests.<ref name="Europe 1"/><ref name="Colomer-2001" /> It was only after World War II that women were granted political rights.

Georgia

Upon its declaration of independence on May 26, 1918, in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, the Democratic Republic of Georgia extended suffrage to its female citizens. The women of Georgia first exercised their right to vote in the 1919 legislative election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Germany

Women were granted the right to vote and be elected from November 12, 1918. The Weimar Constitution established a "new" Germany after the end of World War I and extended the right to vote to all citizens above the age of 20, with some exceptions.<ref name=Timeline />

Greece

Greece had universal suffrage since its independence in 1832, but this suffrage excluded women. The first proposal to give Greek women the right to vote was made on May 19, 1922, by a member of parliament, supported by then Prime Minister Dimitrios Gounaris, during a constitutional convention.<ref name="GGE">Template:Citation</ref> The proposal garnered a narrow majority of those present when it was first proposed, but failed to get the broad 80% support needed to add it to the constitution.<ref name="GGE" /> In 1925 consultations began again, and a law was passed allowing women the right to vote in local elections, provided they were 30 years of age and had attended at least primary education.<ref name="GGE" /> The law remained unenforced, until feminist movements within the civil service lobbied the government to enforce it in December 1927 and March 1929.<ref name="GGE" /> Women were allowed to vote on a local level for the first time in the Thessaloniki local elections, on December 14, 1930, where 240 women exercised their right to do so.<ref name="GGE" /> Women's turnout remained low, at only around 15,000 in the national local elections of 1934, despite women being a narrow majority of the population of 6.8 million.<ref name="GGE" /> Women could not stand for election, despite a proposal made by Interior minister Ioannis Rallis, which was contested in the courts; the courts ruled that the law only gave women "a limited franchise" and struck down any lists where women were listed as candidates for local councils.<ref name="GGE" /> Misogyny was rampant in that era; Emmanuel Rhoides is quoted as having said that "two professions are fit for women: housewife and prostitute". Another misogynistic "argument" employed against women's right to vote was that "during menstruation women are loony and in a frantic psychological state, and since they may be menstruating at the time of the elections, they can't vote".<ref name="mixani gun ps">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On a national level women over 18 voted for the first time in April 1944 for the National Council, a legislative body set up by the National Liberation Front resistance movement. Ultimately, women won the legal right to vote and run for office on May 28, 1952. Eleni Skoura, again from Thessaloniki, became the first woman elected to the Hellenic Parliament in 1953, with the conservative Greek Rally, when she won a by-election against another female opponent.<ref name="Bacchetta">Template:Cite book</ref> Women were finally able to participate in the 1956 election, with two more women becoming members of parliament; Lina Tsaldari, wife of former Prime Minister Panagis Tsaldaris, won the most votes of any candidate in the country and became the first female minister in Greece under the conservative National Radical Union government of Konstantinos Karamanlis.<ref name="Bacchetta" />

No woman has been elected Prime Minister of Greece, but Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou served as the country's first female prime minister, heading a caretaker government, between August 27 and September 21, 2015. The first woman to lead a major political party was Aleka Papariga, who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Greece from 1991 to 2013.

Hungary

In Hungary, although it was already planned in 1818,Template:Citation needed the first occasion when women could vote was the elections held in January 1920.

Iceland

Iceland was under Danish rule until 1944. Icelandic women acquired full voting rights along with Danish women in 1915.

Ireland

File:Irish Suffragette girl (cropped).jpg

From 1918, with the rest of the United Kingdom, women in Ireland could vote at age 30 with property qualifications or in university constituencies, while men could vote at age 21 with no qualification. From separation in 1922, the Irish Free State gave equal voting rights to men and women. ["All citizens of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) without distinction of sex, who have reached the age of twenty-one years and who comply with the provisions of the prevailing electoral laws, shall have the right to vote for members of Dáil Eireann, and to take part in the Referendum and Initiative."]<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Promises of equal rights from the Proclamation were embraced in the Constitution in 1922, the year Irish women achieved full voting rights. However, over the next ten years, laws were introduced that eliminated women's rights from serving on juries, working after marriage, and working in industry. The 1937 Constitution and Taoiseach Éamon de Valera’s conservative leadership further stripped women of their previously granted rights.<ref name="The Sisterhood of the Easter Rising">Walshe, Sadhbh (March 16, 2016) The Sisterhood of the Easter Rising. New York Times.</ref> As well, though the 1937 Constitution guarantees women the right to vote and to nationality and citizenship on an equal basis with men, it also contains a provision, Article 41.2, which states:

1° [...] the State recognises that by her life within the home, woman gives to the State a support without which the common good cannot be achieved.

2° The State shall, therefore, endeavour to ensure that mothers shall not be obliged by economic necessity to engage in labour to the neglect of their duties in the home.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries

}}

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Isle of Man

In 1881, The Isle of Man (in the British Isles but not part of the United Kingdom) passed a law giving the vote to single and widowed women who passed a property qualification. This was to vote in elections for the House of Keys, in the Island's parliament, Tynwald. This was extended to universal suffrage for men and women in 1919.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Italy

In Italy, women's suffrage was not introduced following World War I, but upheld by Socialist and Fascist activists and partly introduced on a local or municipal level by Benito Mussolini's government in 1925.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In April 1945, the provisional government led by the Italian Resistance decreed the universal enfranchisement of women in Italy, allowing for the immediate appointment of women to public office, of which the first was Elena Fischli Dreher.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the 1946 election, all Italians simultaneously voted for the Constituent Assembly and for a referendum about keeping Italy a monarchy or creating a republic instead. Elections were not held in the Julian March and South Tyrol because they were under Allied occupation.

The new version of article 51 Constitution recognizes equal opportunities in electoral lists.<ref>Also before the Amendment to Constitution, there was a favor of constitutionality for the so-called "pink" clause in the electoral rules, a reserve quota by sex (...) on the electoral roll.Template:Cite journal</ref>

Liechtenstein

See also Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein

In Liechtenstein, women's suffrage was granted via referendum in 1984.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Luxembourg

In Luxembourg, Marguerite Thomas-Clement spoke in favour of women suffrage in public debate through articles in the press in 1917–19; however, there was never any organized women suffrage movement in Luxembourg, as women suffrage was included without debate in the new democratic constitution of 1919.

Malta

Malta was a British colony, but when women's suffrage was finally introduced in Great Britain in 1918, this had not been included in the 1921 Constitution on Malta, when Malta was given its own parliament, although the Labour Party did support the reform.<ref name="Europe 2012">The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe: Voting to Become Citizens. (2012). Nederländerna: Brill.</ref> In 1931, Mabel Strickland, assistant secretary of Constitution Party, delivered a petition signed by 428 to the Royal Commission on Maltese Affairs requesting women's suffrage without success.<ref name="Europe 2012"/>

However, there had been no organized movement for women's suffrage on Malta. In 1944 the Women of Malta Association was founded by Josephine Burns de Bono and Helen Buhagiar. The purpose was to work for the inclusion of women's suffrage in the new Malta constitution, which was to be introduced in 1947 and which was at that time prepared in parliament.<ref name="Europe 2012"/> The Women of Malta Association was officially registered as a labor union, in order to give its representatives the right to speak in parliament.<ref name="Europe 2012"/> The Catholic church as well as the Nationalist Party opposed women's suffrage with the argument that suffrage would be an unnecessary burden for women who had family and household to occupy them.<ref name="Europe 2012"/> The Labour Party as well as the labour movement in general supported the reform.<ref name="Europe 2012"/> An argument was that women paid taxes and should therefore also vote to decide what to do with them. Women's suffrage was approved with the votes 145 to 137.<ref name="Europe 2012"/> However, this did not include women's right to be elected to political office, and the Women of Malta Association therefore continued the campaign to include also this right. The debate continued with the same supporters and opponents, and the same arguments for and against, until this right was approved as well.

Women's suffrage and right to be elected to political office were included in the MacMichael Constitution, which was finally introduced on September 5, 1947. A politician at the time commented that the reform had been possible only because of women's participation in the war effort during the World War II.<ref name="Europe 2012"/>

Monaco

Monaco introduced women's suffrage in 1962, as the fourth last in Europe. In Monaco, Women's suffrage was not introduced after a long campaign – although supported by the Union of Monegasque Women, itself only founded in 1958<ref name="MH">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> – but was introduced as a part of the new Constitution, alongside Parliamentarism, an independent court system and a number of other legal and political reforms.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Netherlands

File:Wilhelmina Drucker 1917.jpg

Wilhelmina Drucker, a Dutch pioneer for women's rights, is portrayed by Truus Claes in 1917 on the occasion of her seventieth birthday.

Women were granted the right to vote in the Netherlands on August 9, 1919.<ref name=Timeline /> In 1917, a constitutional reform already allowed women to be electable. However, even though women's right to vote was approved in 1919, this only took effect from January 1, 1920.

The women's suffrage movement in the Netherlands was led by three women: Aletta Jacobs, Wilhelmina Drucker and Annette Versluys-Poelman. In 1889, Wilhelmina Drucker founded a women's movement called Vrije Vrouwen Vereeniging (Free Women's Union) and it was from this movement that the campaign for women's suffrage in the Netherlands emerged. This movement got a lot of support from other countries, especially from the women's suffrage movement in England. In 1906 the movement wrote an open letter to the Queen pleading for women's suffrage. When this letter was rejected, in spite of popular support, the movement organised several demonstrations and protests in favor of women's suffrage. This movement was of great significance for women's suffrage in the Netherlands.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Norway

File:57041 Første kvinne legger stemmeseddelen i urnen ved valget i 1910.jpg

The first Norwegian woman voter casts her ballot in the 1910 municipal election.

Liberal politician Gina Krog was the leading campaigner for women's suffrage in Norway from the 1880s. She founded the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights and the National Association for Women's Suffrage to promote this cause. Members of these organisations were politically well-connected and well organised and in a few years gradually succeeded in obtaining equal rights for women. Middle-class women won the right to vote in municipal elections in 1901 and parliamentary elections in 1907. Universal suffrage for women in municipal elections was introduced in 1910, and in 1913 a motion on universal suffrage for women was adopted unanimously by the Norwegian parliament (Stortinget).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Norway thus became the first independent country to introduce women's suffrage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Poland

Regaining independence in 1918 following the 123-year period of partition and foreign rule,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Poland immediately granted women the right to vote and be elected as of November 28, 1918.<ref name=Timeline>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The first women elected to the Sejm in 1919 were: Gabriela Balicka, Jadwiga Dziubińska, Irena Kosmowska, Maria Moczydłowska, Zofia Moraczewska, Anna Piasecka, Zofia Sokolnicka, and Franciszka Wilczkowiakowa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Portugal

Carolina Beatriz Ângelo was the first Portuguese woman to vote, in the Constituent National Assembly election of 1911,<ref name="modern">Template:Cite book</ref> taking advantage of a loophole in the country's electoral law.

In 1931, during the Estado Novo regime, women were allowed to vote for the first time, but only if they had a high school or university degree, while men had only to be able to read and write. In 1946 a new electoral law enlarged the possibility of female vote, but still with some differences regarding men. A law from 1968 claimed to establish "equality of political rights for men and women", but a few electoral rights were reserved for men. After the Carnation Revolution, women were granted full and equal electoral rights in 1976.<ref name=idea.int/><ref name="bbc.co.uk"/>

Romania

The timeline of granting women's suffrage in Romania was gradual and complex, due to the turbulent historical period when it happened. The concept of universal suffrage for all men was introduced in 1918,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and reinforced by the 1923 Constitution of Romania. Although this constitution opened the way for the possibility of women's suffrage too (Article 6),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> this did not materialize: the Electoral Law of 1926 did not grant women the right to vote, maintaining all male suffrage.<ref name="Summary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Starting in 1929, women who met certain qualifications were allowed to vote in local elections.<ref name="Summary"/> After the Constitution from 1938 (elaborated under Carol II of Romania who sought to implement an authoritarian regime) the voting rights were extended to women for national elections by the Electoral Law 1939,<ref name="fp.kross.ro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but both women and men had restrictions, and in practice these restrictions affected women more than men (the new restrictions on men also meant that men lost their previous universal suffrage). Although women could vote, they could be elected only to the Senate and not to the Chamber of Deputies (Article 4 (c)).<ref name="fp.kross.ro"/> (the Senate was later abolished in 1940). Due to the historical context of the time, which included the dictatorship of Ion Antonescu, there were no elections in Romania between 1940 and 1946. In 1946, Law no. 560 gave full equal rights to men and women to vote and to be elected in the Chamber of Deputies; and women voted in the 1946 Romanian general election.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Constitution of 1948 gave women and men equal civil and political rights (Article 18).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Until the collapse of communism in 1989, all the candidates were chosen by the Romanian Communist Party, and civil rights were merely symbolic under this authoritarian regime.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Woman's suffrage denonstration.jpg

A 1917 demonstration in Petrograd. The plaque says (in Russian): "Without the participation of women, election is not universal!"

Russia

Despite initial apprehension against enfranchising women for the right to vote for the upcoming Constituent Assembly election, the League for Women's Equality and other suffragists rallied throughout the year of 1917 for the right to vote. After much pressure (including a 40,000-strong march on the Tauride Palace), on July 20, 1917, the Provisional Government enfranchised women with the right to vote.<ref name=Wade>Template:Cite book</ref>

San Marino

San Marino introduced women's suffrage in 1959,<ref name=idea.int/> following the 1957 constitutional crisis known as Fatti di Rovereta. It was however only in 1973 that women obtained the right to stand for election.<ref name=idea.int/>

Spain

File:01 eibar.jpg

Women exercising the right to vote during the Second Spanish Republic, November 5, 1933

During the Miguel Primo de Rivera regime (1923–1930) only women who were considered heads of household were allowed to vote in local elections, but there were none at that time. Women's suffrage was officially adopted in 1931 despite the opposition of Margarita Nelken and Victoria Kent, two female MPs (both members of the Republican Radical-Socialist Party), who argued that women in Spain at that moment lacked social and political education enough to vote responsibly because they would be unduly influenced by Catholic priests.<ref name="Colomer-2001" /> Most Spanish Republicans at the time held the same view.<ref name="Colomer-2001" /> The other female MP at the time, Clara Campoamor of the liberal Radical Party, was a strong advocate of women's suffrage and she was the one leading the Parliament's affirmative vote. During the Franco regime in the "organic democracy" type of elections called "referendums" (Franco's regime was dictatorial) women over 21 were allowed to vote without distinction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> From 1976, during the Spanish transition to democracy women fully exercised the right to vote and be elected to office.

Sweden

File:Maria Gustava Gyllenstierna SP156.jpg

The Swedish writer Maria Gustava Gyllenstierna (1672–1737); as a taxpaying property owner, and a woman of legal majority due to her widowed status, she belonged to the women granted suffrage in accordance with the constitution of the Age of Liberty (1718–1772).

During the Age of Liberty (1718–1772), Sweden had conditional women's suffrage.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" /> Until the reform of 1865, the local elections consisted of mayoral elections in the cities, and elections of parish vicars in the countryside parishes. The Sockenstämma was the local parish council who handled local affairs, in which the parish vicar presided and the local peasantry assembled and voted, an informally regulated process in which women are reported to have participated already in the 17th century.<ref name="Du Rietz">Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år, 1. uppl., Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013</ref> The national elections consisted of the election of the representations to the Riksdag of the Estates.

Suffrage was gender neutral and therefore applied to women as well as men if they filled the qualifications of a voting citizen.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" /> These qualifications were changed during the course of the 18th-century, as well as the local interpretation of the credentials, affecting the number of qualified voters: the qualifications also differed between cities and countryside, as well as local or national elections.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" />

Initially, the right to vote in local city elections (mayoral elections) was granted to every burgher, which was defined as a taxpaying citizen with a guild membership.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" /> Women as well as men were members of guilds, which resulted in women's suffrage for a limited number of women.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" /> In 1734, suffrage in both national and local elections, in cities as well as countryside, was granted to every property owning taxpaying citizen of legal majority.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" /> This extended suffrage to all taxpaying property owning women whether guild members or not, but excluded married women and the majority of unmarried women, as married women were defined as legal minors, and unmarried women were minors unless they applied for legal majority by royal dispensation, while widowed and divorced women were of legal majority.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" /> The 1734 reform increased the participation of women in elections from 55 to 71 percent.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" />

File:C1910 Signe Bergman Swedish suffragist.jpg

Swedish suffragist Signe Bergman, Template:Circa

Between 1726 and 1742, women voted in 17 of 31 examined mayoral elections.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" /> Reportedly, some women voters in mayoral elections preferred to appoint a male to vote for them by proxy in the city hall because they found it embarrassing to do so in person, which was cited as a reason to abolish women's suffrage by its opponents.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" /> The custom to appoint to vote by proxy was however used also by males, and it was in fact common for men, who were absent or ill during elections, to appoint their wives to vote for them.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" /> In Vaasa in Finland (then a Swedish province), there was opposition against women participating in the town hall discussing political issues as this was not seen as their right place, and women's suffrage appears to have been opposed in practice in some parts of the realm: when Anna Elisabeth Baer and two other women petitioned to vote in Turku in 1771, they were not allowed to do so by town officials.<ref name="books.google.se"/>

In 1758, women were excluded from mayoral elections by a new regulation by which they could no longer be defined as burghers, but women's suffrage was kept in the national elections as well as the countryside parish elections.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" /> Women participated in all of the eleven national elections held up until 1757.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" /> In 1772, women's suffrage in national elections was abolished by demand from the burgher estate. Women's suffrage was first abolished for taxpaying unmarried women of legal majority, and then for widows.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" /> However, the local interpretation of the prohibition of women's suffrage varied, and some cities continued to allow women to vote: in Kalmar, Växjö, Västervik, Simrishamn, Ystad, Åmål, Karlstad, Bergslagen, Dalarna and Norrland, women were allowed to continue to vote despite the 1772 ban, while in Lund, Uppsala, Skara, Turku, Gothenburg and Marstrand, women were strictly barred from the vote after 1772.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" />

File:Demonstrationståg för kvinnorösträtten, Göteborg - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0032617.jpg

Women's suffrage demonstration in Gothenburg, June 1918

While women's suffrage was banned in the mayoral elections in 1758 and in the national elections in 1772, no such bar was ever introduced in the local elections in the countryside, where women therefore continued to vote in the local parish elections of vicars.<ref name="Karlsson Sjögren" /> In a series of reforms in 1813–1817, unmarried women of legal majority, "Unmarried maiden, who has been declared of legal majority", were given the right to vote in the sockestämma (local parish council, the predecessor of the communal and city councils), and the kyrkoråd (local church councils).<ref>Ann Margret Holmgren: Kvinnorösträttens historia i de nordiska länderna (1920).</ref>

In 1823, a suggestion was raised by the mayor of Strängnäs to reintroduce women's suffrage for taxpaying women of legal majority (unmarried, divorced and widowed women) in the mayoral elections, and this right was reintroduced in 1858.<ref name="Du Rietz"/>

In 1862, tax-paying women of legal majority (unmarried, divorced and widowed women) were again allowed to vote in municipal elections, making Sweden the first country in the world to grant women the right to vote.<ref name="jstor.org"/> This was after the introduction of a new political system, where a new local authority was introduced: the communal municipal council. The right to vote in municipal elections applied only to people of legal majority, which excluded married women, as they were juridically under the guardianship of their husbands. In 1884 the suggestion to grant women the right to vote in national elections was initially voted down in Parliament.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During the 1880s, the Married Woman's Property Rights Association had a campaign to encourage the female voters, qualified to vote in accordance with the 1862 law, to use their vote and increase the participation of women voters in the elections, but there was yet no public demand for women's suffrage among women. In 1888, the temperance activist Emilie Rathou became the first woman in Sweden to demand the right for women's suffrage in a public speech.<ref>Emilie Rathou, urn:sbl:7563, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Hjördis Levin), hämtad May 30, 2015.</ref> In 1899, a delegation from the Fredrika Bremer Association presented a suggestion of women's suffrage to prime minister Erik Gustaf Boström. The delegation was headed by Agda Montelius, accompanied by Gertrud Adelborg, who had written the demand. This was the first time the Swedish women's movement themselves had officially presented a demand for suffrage.

In 1902 the Swedish Society for Woman Suffrage was founded, supported by the Social Democratic women's Clubs.<ref>Barbro Hedwall (2011). Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist. red.. Vår rättmätiga plats. Om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt.. (Our Rightful Place. About women's struggle for suffrage) Förlag Bonnier. Template:ISBN (Swedish)</ref> In 1906 the suggestion of women's suffrage was voted down in parliament again.<ref name="runeberg.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1909, the right to vote in municipal elections were extended to also include married women.<ref name="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok / Uggleupplagan. 15. Kromat – Ledvätska.</ref> The same year, women were granted eligibility for election to municipal councils,<ref name="Nordisk familjebok"/> and in the following 1910–11 municipal elections, forty women were elected to different municipal councils,<ref name="runeberg.org"/> Gertrud Månsson being the first. In 1914 Emilia Broomé became the first woman in the legislative assembly.<ref>Article about Emilia Broomé on the webpage of Gothenburg University Library.</ref>

The right to vote in national elections was not returned to women until 1919, and was practiced again in the election of 1921, for the first time in 150 years.<ref name="Karlsson-Sjögren 1866"/>

After the 1921 election, the first women were elected to Swedish Parliament after women's suffrage were Kerstin Hesselgren in the Upper chamber and Nelly Thüring (Social Democrat), Agda Östlund (Social Democrat) Elisabeth Tamm (liberal) and Bertha Wellin (Conservative) in the Lower chamber. Karin Kock-Lindberg became the first female government minister, and in 1958, Ulla Lindström became the first acting prime minister.<ref>(Swedish) Mikael Sjögren, Statsrådet och genusordningen – Ulla Lindström 1954–1966 (Minister and Gender – Ulla Lindström 1954–1966).</ref>

Switzerland

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A referendum on women's suffrage was held on February 1, 1959. The majority of Switzerland's men (67%) voted against it, but in some French-speaking cantons women obtained the vote.<ref name="switzerland-chronology">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first Swiss woman to hold political office, Trudy Späth-Schweizer, was elected to the municipal government of Riehen in 1958.<ref name="Tages-Anzeiger 2010">Template:Cite news</ref>

Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women's suffrage; they gained the right to vote in federal elections in 1971 after a second referendum that year.<ref name="switzerland-chronology"/> In 1991 following a decision by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, Appenzell Innerrhoden became the last Swiss canton to grant women the vote on local issues.<ref name="wom1373" />

The first female member of the seven-member Swiss Federal Council, Elisabeth Kopp, served from 1984 to 1989. Ruth Dreifuss, the second female member, served from 1993 to 1999, and was the first female President of the Swiss Confederation for the year 1999. From September 22, 2010, until December 31, 2011, the highest political executive of the Swiss Confederation had a majority of female councillors (4 of 7); for the three years 2010, 2011, and 2012 Switzerland was presided by female presidency for three years in a row. In 2015, 2017,<ref name=FSO>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 2020 and 2024, the country was presided by a woman.

Turkey

File:First female MPs of the Turkish Parliament (1935).jpg

Eighteen female MPs joined the Turkish Parliament in 1935.

In Turkey, Atatürk, the founding president of the republic, led a secularist cultural and legal transformation supporting women's rights including voting and being elected. Women won the right to vote in municipal elections on March 20, 1930. Women's suffrage was achieved for parliamentary elections on December 5, 1934, through a constitutional amendment. Turkish women, who participated in parliamentary elections for the first time on February 8, 1935, obtained 18 seats.

In the early republic, when Atatürk ran a one-party state, his party picked all candidates. A small percentage of seats were set aside for women, so naturally those female candidates won. When multi-party elections began in the 1940s, the share of women in the legislature fell, and the 4% share of parliamentary seats gained in 1935 was not reached again until 1999. In the parliament of 2011, women hold about 9% of the seats. Nevertheless, Turkish women gained the right to vote a decade or more before women in such Western European countries as France, Italy, and Belgium – a mark of Atatürk's far-reaching social changes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Tansu Çiller served as the 22nd prime minister of Turkey and the first female prime minister of Turkey from 1993 to 1996. She was elected to the parliament in 1991 general elections and she became prime minister on June 25, 1993, when her cabinet was approved by the parliament.

United Kingdom

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Suffragette cartoon by L.M. Glackens.jpg

A British cartoon speculating on why imprisoned suffragettes refused to eat in prison

File:Countess Constance Markiewicz-1.1.2 (cropped).jpg

Constance Markievicz was the first woman elected to the British House of Commons in 1918, but as an Irish nationalist she did not take her seat, instead joining the First Dáil. In 1919 she was appointed Minister for Labour, the first female minister in a democratic government cabinet.

The campaign for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland gained momentum throughout the early part of the 19th century, as women became increasingly politically active, particularly during the campaigns to reform suffrage in the United Kingdom. John Stuart Mill, elected to Parliament in 1865 and an open advocate of female suffrage (about to publish The Subjection of Women), campaigned for an amendment to the Reform Act 1832 to include female suffrage.<ref>Nelson, Carolyn Christensen (2004). Literature of the women's suffrage campaign in England, p. 3. Broadview Press. Retrieved February 29, 2012.</ref> Roundly defeated in an all-male parliament under a Conservative government, the issue of women's suffrage came to the fore.

Until the 1832 Reform Act specified "male persons", a few women had been able to vote in parliamentary elections through property ownership, although this was rare.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In local government elections, women lost the right to vote under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. Unmarried women ratepayers received the right to vote in the Municipal Franchise Act 1869. This right was confirmed in the Local Government Act 1894 and extended to include some married women.<ref name=HoCL2013>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Synonym>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By 1900, more than 1 million women were registered to vote in local government elections in England.<ref name="HoCL2013"/>

In 1881, the Isle of Man (in the British Isles but not part of the United Kingdom) passed a law giving the vote to single and widowed women who passed a property qualification. This was to vote in elections for the House of Keys, in the Island's parliament, Tynwald. This was extended to universal suffrage for men and women in 1919.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

During the later half of the 19th century, a number of campaign groups for women's suffrage in national elections were formed in an attempt to lobby members of parliament and gain support. In 1897, seventeen of these groups came together to form the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), who held public meetings, wrote letters to politicians and published various texts.<ref name="Cook">Cook, Chris (2005). "The Routledge companion to Britain in the nineteenth century, 1815–1914", p. 124. Taylor & Francis, 2005.</ref> In 1907 the NUWSS organized its first large procession.<ref name="Cook"/> This march became known as the Mud March as over 3,000 women trudged through the streets of London from Hyde Park to Exeter Hall to advocate women's suffrage.<ref>Harold L Smith (2007). "The British women's suffrage campaign, 1866–1928" p. 23. Pearson/Longman, 2007.</ref>

In 1903 a number of members of the NUWSS broke away and, led by Emmeline Pankhurst, formed the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).<ref>Scott, Bonnie Kime (2007). "Gender in modernism: new geographies, complex intersections", p. 693. University of Illinois Press, 2007.</ref> As the national media lost interest in the suffrage campaign, the WSPU decided it would use other methods to create publicity. This began in 1905 at a meeting in Manchester's Free Trade Hall where Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, a member of the newly elected Liberal government, was speaking.<ref name="Purvis">Puris, June; Sandra Stanley Holton (2000). "Votes for women", p. 112. Routledge, 2000.</ref> As he was talking, Christabel Pankhurst and Annie Kenney of the WSPU constantly shouted out: "Will the Liberal Government give votes to women?"<ref name="Purvis"/> When they refused to cease calling out, police were called to evict them and the two suffragettes (as members of the WSPU became known after this incident) were involved in a struggle that ended with them being arrested and charged for assault.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> When they refused to pay their fine, they were sent to prison for one week, and three days.<ref name="Purvis"/> The British public were shocked and took notice at this use of violence to win the vote for women.

After this media success, the WSPU's tactics became increasingly violent. This included an attempt in 1908 to storm the House of Commons, the arson of David Lloyd George's country home (despite his support for women's suffrage). In 1909 Lady Constance Lytton was imprisoned, but immediately released when her identity was discovered, so in 1910 she disguised herself as a working class seamstress called Jane Warton and endured inhumane treatment which included force-feeding. In 1913, suffragette Emily Davison protested by interfering with a horse owned by King George V during the running of The Derby; she was struck by the horse and died four days later. The WSPU ceased their militant activities during World War I and agreed to assist with the war effort.<ref>Leventhal, F. M. (2002). "Twentieth-century Britain: an encyclopedia", p. 432.</ref>

The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, which had always employed "constitutional" methods, continued to lobby during the war years, and compromises were worked out between the NUWSS and the coalition government.<ref name="Cawood">Cawood, Ian; David McKinnon-Bell (2001). "The First World War", p. 71. Routledge 2001.</ref> The Speaker's Conference on electoral reform (1917) represented all the parties in both houses, and came to the conclusion that women's suffrage was essential. Regarding fears that women would suddenly move from zero to a majority of the electorate due to the heavy loss of men during the war, the Conference recommended that the age restriction be 21 for men, and 30 for women.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Arthur Marwick, A history of the modern British Isles, 1914–1999: circumstances, events and outcomes (Wiley-Blackwell, 2000) pp. 43–50.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On February 6, 1918, the Representation of the People Act 1918 was passed, enfranchising women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications. About 8.4 million women gained the vote in Great Britain and Ireland.<ref name="Fawcett">Fawcett, Millicent Garrett. "The Women's Victory – and After". p. 170. Cambridge University Press</ref> In November 1918, the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918 was passed, allowing women to be elected into Parliament. The Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 extended the franchise in Great Britain and Northern Ireland to all women over the age of 21, granting women the vote on the same terms as men.<ref>Stearns, Peter N. (2008), The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern world, Volume 7. Oxford University Press, p. 160.</ref>

In 1999, Time magazine, in naming Emmeline Pankhurst as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century, states: "...she shaped an idea of women for our time; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Oceania

File:Women suffrage cartoon.png

Australian women's rights were lampooned in this 1887 Melbourne Punch cartoon: A hypothetical female member foists her baby's care on the House Speaker. South Australian women were to achieve the vote in 1895.<ref name=SA1895/>

Australia

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Edith Cowan.jpg

Edith Cowan (1861–1932) was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly in 1921 and was the first woman elected to any Australian Parliament (though women in Australia had already had the vote for two decades).

Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in local elections (but not parliamentary elections) in 1861. Henrietta Dugdale, Annie Lowe, and Elizabeth Rennick formed the Victorian Women's Suffrage Society, the first suffrage society in Australia in 1884.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales was founded in Sydney in 1891. Women became eligible to vote for the Parliament of South Australia in 1895, as were Aboriginal men and women.<ref name=SA1895/> In 1897, Catherine Helen Spence became the first female political candidate for political office, unsuccessfully standing for election as a delegate to Federal Convention on Australian Federation. Western Australia granted voting rights to women in 1899.<ref name="aec.gov.au">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The first election for the Parliament of the newly formed Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 was based on the electoral provisions of the six pre-existing colonies, so that women who had the vote and the right to stand for Parliament at state level had the same rights for the 1901 Australian Federal election. In 1902, the Commonwealth Parliament passed the Commonwealth Franchise Act, which enabled all non-indigenous women to vote and stand for election to the Federal Parliament. The following year Nellie Martel, Mary Moore-Bentley, Vida Goldstein, and Selina Siggins stood for election.<ref name="aec.gov.au"/> The Act specifically excluded 'natives' from Commonwealth franchise unless already enrolled in a state, the situation in South Australia. In 1949, the right to vote in federal elections was extended to all indigenous people who had served in the armed forces, or were enrolled to vote in state elections (Queensland, Western Australia, and the Northern Territory still excluded indigenous women from voting rights). Remaining restrictions were abolished in 1962 by the Commonwealth Electoral Act.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Edith Cowan was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly in 1921, the first woman elected to any Australian Parliament. Dame Enid Lyons, in the Australian House of Representatives and Senator Dorothy Tangney became the first women in the Federal Parliament in 1943. Lyons went on to be the first woman to hold a Cabinet post in the 1949 ministry of Robert Menzies. Rosemary Follett was elected Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory in 1989, becoming the first woman elected to lead a state or territory. By 2010, the people of Australia's oldest city, Sydney had female leaders occupying every major political office above them, with Clover Moore as Lord Mayor, Kristina Keneally as Premier of New South Wales, Marie Bashir as Governor of New South Wales, Julia Gillard as prime minister, Quentin Bryce as Governor-General of Australia and Elizabeth II as Queen of Australia.

Cook Islands

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Women in Rarotonga won the right to vote in 1893, shortly after New Zealand.<ref name= Markoff >Markoff, John, 'Margins, Centers, and Democracy: The Paradigmatic History of Women's Suffrage' Signs the Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 2003; 29 (1).</ref>

New Zealand

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} New Zealand's Electoral Act of September 19, 1893 made the self-governing British colony the first country in the world to grant women the right to vote in parliamentary elections.<ref name="elections.org.nz" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Although the Liberal government which passed the bill generally advocated social and political reform, the electoral bill was only passed because of a combination of personality issues and political accident. The bill granted the vote to women of all races. New Zealand women were denied the right to stand for parliament, however, until 1920. In 2005 almost a third of the Members of Parliament elected were female. Women recently have also occupied powerful and symbolic offices such as those of Prime Minister (Jenny Shipley, Helen Clark and Jacinda Ardern), Governor-General (Catherine Tizard, Patsy Reddy, Cindy Kiro and Silvia Cartwright), Chief Justice (Sian Elias and Helen Winkelmann), Speaker of the House of Representatives (Margaret Wilson), and from March 3, 2005, to August 23, 2006, all four of these posts were held by women, along with Queen Elizabeth as Head of State.

Pitcairn and Norfolk Islands

The female descendants of the Bounty mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Island could vote for their local councils from 1838, and this right transferred with their resettlement to Norfolk Island (now an Australian external territory) in 1856.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The Americas

Women in Central and South America, and in Mexico, lagged behind those in Canada and the United States in gaining the vote. Ecuador enfranchised women in 1929 and the last was Paraguay in 1961.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> By date of full suffrage: Template:Div col

• (date needed) Canada
• 1920: United States <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• 1929: Ecuador
• 1932: Uruguay
• 1934: Brazil, Cuba
• 1939: El Salvador
• 1941: Panama
• 1946: Guatemala, Venezuela
• 1947: Argentina
• 1948: Suriname
• 1949: Chile, Costa Rica
• 1950: Haiti
• 1952: Bolivia
• 1953: Mexico
• 1954: Belize, Colombia
• 1955: Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru,
• 1961: Paraguay<ref name="womensuffrage.org1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Colend There were political, religious, and cultural debates about women's suffrage in the various countries.<ref>Barry, Carolina, ed. Sufragio feminino: Prácticas y debates políticos, religiosos, y culturales en la Argentina y América Latina. Caseros, Argentina: Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero 2011.</ref> Important advocates for women's suffrage include Hermila Galindo (Mexico), Eva Perón (Argentina), Alicia Moreau de Justo (Argentina), Julieta Lanteri (Argentina), Celina Guimarães Viana (Brazil), Ivone Guimarães (Brazil), Henrietta Müller (Chile), Marta Vergara (Chile), Lucila Rubio de Laverde (Colombia), María Currea Manrique (Colombia), Josefa Toledo de Aguerri (Nicaragua), Elida Campodónico (Panama), Clara González (Panama), Gumercinda Páez (Panama), Paulina Luisi Janicki (Uruguay), Carmen Clemente Travieso, (Venezuela).

Argentina

The modern suffragist movement in Argentina arose partly in conjunction with the activities of the Socialist Party and anarchists of the early twentieth century. Women involved in larger movements for social justice began to agitate equal rights and opportunities on par with men; following the example of their European peers, Elvira Dellepiane Rawson, Cecilia Grierson and Alicia Moreau de Justo began to form a number of groups in defense of the civil rights of women between 1900 and 1910. The first major victories for extending the civil rights of women occurred in the Province of San Juan. Women had been allowed to vote in that province since 1862, but only in municipal elections. A similar right was extended in the province of Santa Fe where a constitution that ensured women's suffrage was enacted at the municipal level, although female participation in votes initially remained low. In 1927, San Juan sanctioned its Constitution and broadly recognized the equal rights of men and women. However, the 1930 coup overthrew these advances.

File:Buenos Aires - Balvanera - Manifestación por el voto femenino en 1948.jpg

Women's demonstration in Buenos Aires in front of the National Congress by law for universal suffrage, 1947

A great pioneer of women's suffrage was Julieta Lanteri, the daughter of Italian immigrants, who in 1910 requested a national court to grant her the right to citizenship (at the time not generally given to single female immigrants) as well as suffrage. The Claros judge upheld her request and declared: "As a judge, I have a duty to declare that her right to citizenship is enshrined in the Constitution, and therefore that women enjoy the same political rights as the laws grant to male citizens, with the only restrictions expressly determined such laws, because no inhabitant is deprived of what they do not prohibit."

In July 1911, Dr. Lanteri were enumerated, and on November 26 of that year exercised her right to vote, the first Ibero-American woman to vote. Also covered in a judgment in 1919 was presented as a candidate for national deputy for the Independent Centre Party, obtaining 1,730 votes out of 154,302.

In 1919, Rogelio Araya UCR Argentina had gone down in history for being the first to submit a bill recognizing the right to vote for women, an essential component of universal suffrage. On July 17, 1919, he served as deputy national on behalf of the people of Santa Fe.

On February 27, 1946, three days after the elections that consecrated president Juan Perón and his wife First Lady Eva Perón 26 years of age gave his first political speech in an organized women to thank them for their support of Perón's candidacy. On that occasion, Eva demanded equal rights for men and women and particularly, women's suffrage:

The woman Argentina has exceeded the period of civil tutorials. Women must assert their action, women should vote. The woman, moral spring home, you should take the place in the complex social machinery of the people. He asks a necessity new organize more extended and remodeled groups. It requires, in short, the transformation of the concept of woman who sacrificially has increased the number of its duties without seeking the minimum of their rights.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries

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{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}

The bill was presented the new constitutional government assumed immediately after the May 1, 1946. The opposition of conservative bias was evident, not only the opposition parties but even within parties who supported Peronism. Eva Perón constantly pressured the parliament for approval, even causing protests from the latter for this intrusion.

Although it was a brief text in three articles, that practically could not give rise to discussions, the Senate recently gave preliminary approval to the project August 21, 1946, and had to wait over a year for the House of Representative to publish the September 9, 1947, Law 13,010, establishing equal political rights between men and women and universal suffrage in Argentina. Finally, Law 13,010 was approved unanimously.

File:Eva Perón votando.jpg

Eva Perón voting at the hospital in 1951. It was the first time women had been permitted to vote in national elections in Argentina. To this end Eva Perón received the Civic Book No. 00.000.001. It was the first and only time she would vote; she died July 26, 1952, after developing cervical cancer.

In an official statement on national television, Eva Perón announced the extension of suffrage to Argentina's women:

Women of this country, this very instant I receive from the Government the law that enshrines our civic rights. And I receive it in front of you, with the confidence that I do so on behalf and in the name of all Argentinian women. I do so joyously, as I feel my hands tremble upon contact with victory proclaiming laurels. Here it is, my sisters, summarized into few articles of compact letters lies a long history of battles, stumbles, and hope.

Because of this, in it there lie exasperating indignation, shadows of menacing sunsets, but also cheerful awakenings of triumphal auroras. And the latter which translates the victory of women over the incomprehensions, the denials, and the interests created by the castes now repudiated by our national awakening. And a leader who destiny forged to victoriously face the problems of our era, General [Perón]. With him, and our vote we shall contribute to the perfection of Argentina's democracy, my dear comrades.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries

}}

{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}

On September 23, 1947, they enacted the Female Enrollment Act (No. 13,010) during the first presidency of Juan Domingo Perón, which was implemented in the elections of November 11, 1951, in which 3,816,654 women voted (63.9% voted for the Justicialist Party and 30.8% for the Radical Civic Union). Later in 1952, the first 23 senators and deputies took their seats, representing the Justicialist Party.

The Bahamas

In 1951, a women's committee, the Women's Suffrage Movement (WSM), was formed under the leadership of Mary Ingraham who collected over 500 signatures in favor of women's suffrage and turned in a petition to the Parliament of the Bahamas.<ref name="The women's suffrage in The Bahamas">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1958, the National Women's Council was founded by Doris Sands Johnson with Erma Grant Smith as president; the organization was given the support of the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), and when the United Bahamian Party (UBP) finally gave its support after long resistance, women's suffrage could finally be passed in parliament in 1960.<ref name="The women's suffrage in The Bahamas" />

Belize

In Belize, The Nationalist Movement (Belize) formed a women's group, the Women's League under Elfreda Trapp, who campaigned for women's suffrage among the demands the worker's and independence movement's put upon the British authorities, and presented a petition of women's suffrage to governor Alan Burns in 1935.<ref>Macpherson, A. S. (2007). From Colony to Nation: Women Activists and the Gendering of Politics in Belize, 1912–1982. Ukraina: University of Nebraska Press.</ref> Women's suffrage was finally introduced in the reform bill of 1954, when full male suffrage was also introduced.

Bermuda

In 1918, Gladys Morrell held a public speech in favor of women's suffrage, and in 1923 the women's movement organized in the Bermuda Woman's Suffrage Society chaired by Rose Gosling to campaigned for women's suffrage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Women's suffrage was finally introduced in 1944.

Bolivia

In Bolivia, the first women's organization in the country, the Atene Femenino, was active for the introduction of women's suffrage from the 1920s.<ref name="Tétreault, Mary Ann">Tétreault, Mary Ann (1994) Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia, and the New World. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 163. Template:ISBN</ref>

Municipal women's suffrage and granted in 1947, and full suffrage in 1952.

Brazil

File:Primeiras eleitoras do Brasil.jpg

First women electors of Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte, 1928

In Brazil, the issue was lifted foremost by the organization Federação Brasileira pelo Progresso Feminino from 1922. The struggle for women's suffrage was part of a larger movement to gain rights for women.<ref>Hahner, June E., Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil, 1850–1940. Durham: Duke University Press, 1990.</ref> Most of the suffragists consisted of a minority of women from the educated elite, which made the activism appear less threatening to the political male elite.

The law of Rio Grande do Norte State allowed women to vote in 1926.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Women were granted the right to vote and be elected in Electoral Code of 1932, followed by Brazilian Constitution of 1934.

Canada

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Women's political status without the vote was promoted by the National Council of Women of Canada from 1894 to 1918. It promoted a vision of "transcendent citizenship" for women. The ballot was not needed, for citizenship was to be exercised through personal influence and moral suasion, through the election of men with strong moral character, and through raising public-spirited sons. The National Council position was integrated into its nation-building program that sought to uphold Canada as a white settler nation. While the women's suffrage movement was important for extending the political rights of white women, it was also authorized through race-based arguments that linked white women's enfranchisement to the need to protect the nation from "racial degeneration."<ref>Knahan, Anne-Marie, "Transcendent Citizenship: Suffrage, the National Council of Women of Canada, and the Politics of Organized Womanhood", Journal of Canadian Studies (2008), 42#3 pp. 5–27.</ref>

Women had local votes in some provinces, as in Ontario from 1850, where women owning property (freeholders and householders) could vote for school trustees.<ref>Frederick Brent Scollie, "The Woman Candidate for the Ontario Legislative Assembly 1919–1929," Ontario History, CIV (Autumn 2012), 5–6, discusses the legal framework for election to Ontario school boards and municipal councils.</ref> By 1900 other provinces had adopted similar provisions, and in 1916 Manitoba took the lead in extending women's suffrage.<ref name="Jackel">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Simultaneously suffragists gave strong support to the Prohibition movement, especially in Ontario and the Western provinces.<ref>John H. Thompson, "'The Beginning of Our Regeneration': The Great War and Western Canadian Reform Movements," Canadian Historical Association Historical Papers (1972), pp. 227–45.</ref><ref>Voisey, Paul, "'The "Votes For Women' Movement", Alberta History (1975), 23#3, pp. 10–23.</ref>

The Wartime Elections Act of 1917 gave the vote to British women who were war widows or had sons, husbands, fathers, or brothers serving overseas. Unionist Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden pledged himself during the 1917 campaign to equal suffrage for women. After his landslide victory, he introduced a bill in 1918 for extending the franchise to women. On May 24, 1918, women considered citizens (not Aboriginal women, or most women of colour) became eligible to vote who were "age 21 or older, not alien-born and meet property requirements in provinces where they exist".<ref name="Jackel" />

Most women of Quebec gained full suffrage in 1940.<ref name="Jackel" /> Aboriginal women across Canada were not given federal voting rights until 1960.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The first woman elected to Parliament was Agnes Macphail in Ontario in 1921.<ref>Cleverdon, Catherine (1974) The woman suffrage movement in Canada: The Start of Liberation, 1900–20.</ref>

Chile

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Debate about women's suffrage in Chile began in the 1920s.<ref name="MemCHLfeme">Template:Citation</ref> Women's suffrage in municipal elections was first established in 1931 by decree (decreto con fuerza de ley); voting age for women was set at 25 years.<ref name="lopezvaldivia">Template:Citation</ref><ref name="Eltit">Template:Citation</ref> In addition, the Chamber of Deputies approved a law on March 9, 1933, establishing women's suffrage in municipal elections.<ref name="lopezvaldivia" />

Women obtained the legal right to vote in parliamentary and presidential elections in 1949.<ref name="MemCHLfeme" /> Women's share among voters increased steadily after 1949, reaching the same levels of participation as men in 1970.<ref name="MemCHLfeme" />

Colombia

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Women organized in the Liberal Union Femenina de Colombia (UFC) in 1944 and the Socialist Aliazna Femenina in 1945 to demand women's suffrage. The Liberal and Socialist party supported the reform; the conservatives initially did not, but changed its attitude when the Catholic church supported it after the Pope's statement that women were loyal conservatives and thus supporters against Communism.<ref>Franceschet, Susan; Mona Lena Krook, Netina Tan: The Palgrave Handbook of Women's Political Rights.</ref> The vote was finally introduced in 1954.

Costa Rica

The campaign for women's suffrage in begun in the 1910s, and the campaigns were active during all electoral reforms in 1913, 1913, 1925, 1927 and 1946, notably by the Feminist League (1923), which was a part of the International League of Iberian and Hispanic-American Women, who had a continuing campaign between 1925 and 1945.<ref name="BGSmith">Smith, Bonnie G. (2008), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History, Vol. 1, p. 315. Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Women obtained the legal right to vote in parliamentary and presidential elections in 1949.<ref name="BGSmith" />

Cuba

The campaign for women's suffrage begun in the 1920s, when Cuban elite feminists started to organize in associations such as Club Femenino de Cuba and Partido Democrata Sufragista and collaborate and campaign for women's issues; they arranged congresses in 1923, 1925 and 1939, and managed to achieve a reformed property rights law (1917) a no-fault divorce law (1918), and finally women's suffrage in 1934.<ref name="BGSmith" />

Women obtained the legal right to vote in parliamentary and presidential elections in 1934.<ref name="BGSmith" />

Dominican Republic

The women's movement in the Dominican Republic organized in 1931 in the Acción Feminista Dominicana (AFD), who allied with Rafael Trujillo in order to reach their goal of women's suffrage. Trujillo finally fulfilled his promise to the AFD for its support after eleven years, when he introduced women's suffrage on the Dominican Republic in 1942.<ref>Fernandez-Asenjo, Maria-Mercedes (2015-01-01). "De maestras normalistas a 'damas trujillistas': El feminismo Dominicano, 1915–1946" (Thesis) Template:ProQuest </ref>

Ecuador

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Women obtained the legal right to vote in parliamentary and presidential elections in 1929.<ref>Valdés, Teresa; Gomariz, Enrique (1992). Mujeres latinoamericanas en cifras: Ecuador. Madrid, España: Editorial FLACSO. Template:ISBN.</ref> This was the first time in South America.

El Salvador

Between June 1921 and January 1922, when El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica formed a (second) Federation of Central America, the Constitution of this state included women's suffrage on 9 September 1921, but the reform could never be implemented because the Federation (and thereby its constitution) did not last.<ref name="BGSmith" />

The campaign for women's suffrage begun in the 1920s, notably by the leading figure Prudencia Ayala.<ref name="BGSmith" />

Women obtained the legal right to vote in parliamentary and presidential elections in 1939.<ref name="BGSmith" /> However, the qualifications were extreme and excluded 80 percent of women so the suffrage movement continued its campaign in the 1940s, notably by Matilde Elena López and Ana Rosa Ochoa, until the restrictions was lifted in 1950.<ref name="BGSmith" />

Guatemala

Between June 1921 and January 1922, when El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica formed a (second) Federation of Central America, the Constitution of this state included women's suffrage on 9 September 1921, but the reform could never be implemented because the Federation (and thereby its constitution) did not last.<ref name="BGSmith" />

The campaign for women's suffrage in begun in the 1920s, notably by the organisations Gabriela Mistral Society (1925) and Graciela Quan's Guatemalan Feminine Pro-Citizenship Union (1945).

Women obtained the legal right to vote in parliamentary and presidential elections in 1945 (without restrictions in 1965).<ref name="BGSmith" />

Guyana

In Guyana, the Women's Political and Economic Organization (WPEO) was founded by Janet Jagan, Winifred Gaskin and Frances Van Stafford in 1946 to campaign for women's suffrage,<ref name="Politics 1999">Women in Politics: Voices from the Commonwealth. (1999). Storbritannien: Commonwealth Secretariat.</ref><ref name="Peake, 2002">Peake, L., Trotz, D. A. (2002). Gender, Ethnicity and Place: Women and Identity in Guyana. Storbritannien: Taylor & Francis.</ref> and the campaign was given support by the People's Progressive Party (PPP) and its women's group Women's Progressive Organization (WPO), until full women's suffrage was introduced in connection to the new reformed constitution in 1953.<ref name="Politics 1999"/><ref name="Peake, 2002"/>

Haiti

The campaign for women's suffrage in Haiti begun after the foundation of Ligue Feminine d’Action Sociale (LFAS) in 1934.

Women obtained the legal right to vote in parliamentary and presidential elections on 4 November 1950.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Honduras

Between June 1921 and January 1922, when El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica formed a (second) Federation of Central America, the Constitution of this state included women's suffrage on 9 September 1921, but the reform could never be implemented because the Federation (and thereby its constitution) did not last.<ref name="BGSmith" />

The campaign for women's suffrage begun in the 1920s, notably by the leading figure Visitación Padilla, who was the leader of the biggest women's organisation (Sociedad Cultural Femenina).<ref name="BGSmith" />

Women obtained the legal right to vote in parliamentary and presidential elections in 1955.<ref name="BGSmith" />

Jamaica

After women's suffrage had been introduced in Britain in 1918, white elite women organized in the Women's Social Service Club (also known as the Women's Social Service Association or WSSA) campaigned under the leadership of Nellie Latrielle and Judith DeCordova for the introduction of the reform on Jamaica from May 1918, and succeeded when limited suffrage for taxpaying women of property was introduced in May 1919.<ref>Bean, D. (2017). Jamaican Women and the World Wars: On the Front Lines of Change. Tyskland: Springer International Publishing.</ref> The women's suffrage – as was male suffrage at the time – was, however, limited to a minority of women, and during the 1930s, women campaigned for universal women's suffrage via the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) the Jamaica Women's League (JWL) and the Women's Liberal Club (1936), until full suffrage was finally introduced in 1944.<ref>Clarke, C., Nelson, C. (2020). Contextualizing Jamaica's Relationship with the IMF. Tyskland: Springer International Publishing.</ref>

Mexico

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also Women gained the right to vote in 1947 for some local elections and for national elections in 1953, coming after a struggle dating to the 19th century.<ref>Morton, Ward M., Woman Suffrage in Mexico. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1962.</ref>

Nicaragua

A women's movement was organized in Nicaragua in the 1920s. Their demand for women's suffrage was supported by the Nationalist Liberal Party, who allied themselves with the women's movement in order to get their support during their regime.<ref name="Smith">Smith, Bonnie G.: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History, Vol. 1.</ref>

The Nationalist Liberal Party promised to introduce the reform of women's suffrage, and in 1939, the leader of the Nicaraguan women's movement Josefa Toledo (leader of the Nicaragua branch of the International League of Iberian and Latin American Women) demanded that the regime fulfil their promise to the women's movement.<ref name="Smith"/>

The promise was finally fulfilled in 1950, and the reform introduced in 1955. After this, the Nicaraguan women's associations were incorporated in the women's wing of the Nationalist Liberal Party, the Ala Femenina Liberal, under the leadership of Olga Nunez de Saballos (who became the first woman MP), and gave the Party its official support in the following elections.<ref name="Smith"/>

Panama

The campaign for women's suffrage begun after the foundation of Federation of Women's Club of the Canal in 1903, which became a part of the General Federation of Clubs in New York City, which made the suffrage movement in Panama heavily influenced by the suffrage movement in the United States.<ref name="BGSmith" /> In 1922 The Feminist Group Renovation (FGR) was founded by Clara González, which became the first Feminist Political women's party in Latin America when it was transformed to the Feminist National Party in 1923.<ref name="BGSmith" />

Women obtained the legal right to vote in communal elections in 1941, and in parliamentary and presidential elections 1946.<ref name="BGSmith" />

Paraguay

Paraguay was the last country in the Americas to grant women's suffrage. Liga Paraguaya de los Derechos de la Mujer campaigned for women's suffrage during the 1950s. Women's suffrage was gained in Paraguay in 1961, primarily because the strongarm president, Alfredo Stroessner, lacking the approval of his male constituents, sought to bolster his support through women voters.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Peru

Women's suffrage in Peru was first introduced on communal level in 1932, and on national level on 7 September 1955.<ref>Aguilar Gil, Roisida (2002). «El sufragio de la mujer: Debate en el Congreso Constituyente de 1931–1932». Elecciones (Lima: ONPE): 123–164. {{#if:1994-5272|Template:Catalog lookup link{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Template:Error-small}}</ref> Peru was the second to last country in South America to introduce women's suffrage.

United States

File:Official Program Woman Suffrage Procession - March 3, 1913.jpg

Program for Woman Suffrage Procession, Washington, D.C., March 3, 1913. The parade was organized by suffragists Alice Paul and Lucy Burns.

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}Long before the Nineteenth Amendment was passed in 1920, some individual U.S. states granted women suffrage in certain kinds of elections. Some allowed women to vote in school elections, municipal elections, or for members of the Electoral College. Some territories, like Washington, Utah, and Wyoming, allowed women to vote before they became states.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While many consider suffrage to include both voting rights and officeholding rights, many women were able to hold office prior to receiving voting rights.<ref name="Katz-2021" /> In fact, suffragists in the United States employed the strategy of petitioning for and utilizing officeholding rights first to make a stronger argument in favor of giving women the right to vote.<ref name="Katz-2021" />

The New Jersey constitution of 1776 enfranchised all adult inhabitants who owned a specified amount of property. Laws enacted in 1790 and 1797 referred to voters as "he or she", and women regularly voted. A law passed in 1807, however, excluded women from voting in that state by moving towards universal manhood suffrage.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Lydia Taft was an early forerunner in Colonial America who was allowed to vote in three New England town meetings, beginning in 1756, at Uxbridge, Massachusetts.<ref>Chapin, Judge Henry (1881). Address Delivered at the Unitarian Church in Uxbridge, 1864. Worcester, Massachusetts: Charles Hamilton Press (Harvard Library; from Google Books). p. 172.</ref> The women's suffrage movement was closely tied to abolitionism, with many suffrage activists gaining their first experience as anti-slavery or anti-cannibalism activists.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Women Suffrage Issues of the 20th century.jpg During the 20th century, the U.S. Post Office, under the auspices of the U.S. Government, had issued commemorative postage stamps celebrating notable women who fought for women suffrage and other rights for women. From left to right: — Susan B Anthony, 1936 issue — Elizabeth Stanton, Carrie C. Catt, Lucretia Mott, 1948 issue — Women Suffrage, 1970 issue, celebrating the 50th anniversary of voting rights for women

In June 1848, Gerrit Smith made women's suffrage a plank in the Liberty Party platform. In July, at the Seneca Falls Convention in upstate New York, activists including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony began a seventy-year struggle by women to secure the right to vote.<ref name="Katz-2021" /> Attendees signed a document known as the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, of which Stanton was the primary author. Equal rights became the rallying cry of the early movement for women's rights, and equal rights meant claiming access to all the prevailing definitions of freedom. In 1850 Lucy Stone organized a larger assembly with a wider focus, the National Women's Rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts. Susan B. Anthony, a resident of Rochester, New York, joined the cause in 1852 after reading Stone's 1850 speech. Stanton, Stone and Anthony were the three leading figures of this movement in the U.S. during the 19th century: the "triumvirate" of the drive to gain voting rights for women.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Women's suffrage activists pointed out that black people had been granted the franchise and had not been included in the language of the United States Constitution's Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments (which gave people equal protection under the law and the right to vote regardless of their race, respectively). This, they contended, had been unjust. Early victories were won in the territories of Wyoming (1869)<ref name="wyoming">see facsimile at {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Utah (1870).

File:Suffragette banner. One of the banners, the women who picketed the White House . . . - NARA - 533769.tif

"Kaiser Wilson" banner held by a woman who picketed the White House

John Allen Campbell, the first Governor of the Wyoming Territory, approved the first law in United States history explicitly granting women the right to vote entitled "An Act to Grant to the Women of Wyoming Territory the Right of Suffrage, and to Hold Office.”<ref name="Katz-2021" /> The law was approved on December 10, 1869. This day was later commemorated as Wyoming Day.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On February 12, 1870, the Secretary of the Territory and Acting Governor of the Territory of Utah, S. A. Mann, approved a law allowing twenty-one-year-old women to vote in any election in Utah.<ref>"An Act Conferring upon Women the Elective Franchise", approved February 12, 1870. Acts, Resolutions and Memorials of the Territory of Utah, Passed at the Nineteenth Annual Session of the Legislature, 1870, p. 8.</ref> Utah women were disenfranchised by provisions of the federal Edmunds–Tucker Act enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1887.<ref name="Katz-2021" />

File:Toledo Woman Suffrage Association, 1912 - DPLA - f060daf84c2df3902cab10b0ae3fd689.jpg

Toledo Woman Suffrage Association, Toledo, Ohio, 1912

The push to grant Utah women's suffrage was at least partially fueled by the belief that, given the right to vote, Utah women would dispose of polygamy.<ref name="Katz-2021" /> In actuality, it was the men of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints that ultimately fought for women's enfranchisement to dispel myths that polygamy was akin to modern-day slavery.<ref name="Katz-2021" /> It was only after Utah women exercised their suffrage rights in favor of polygamy that the male-dominated U.S. Congress unilaterally disenfranchised Utah women.<ref>Van Wagenen, Lola (2001) Sister-Wives and Suffragists: Polygamy and the Politics of Woman Suffrage 1870–1896, BYU Studies.</ref>

By the end of the 19th century, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming had enfranchised women after effort by the suffrage associations at the state level; Colorado notably enfranchised women by an 1893 referendum.<ref name="Katz-2021" /> California voted to enfranchise women in 1911.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

During the beginning of the 20th century, as women's suffrage faced several important federal votes, a portion of the suffrage movement known as the National Woman's Party led by suffragist Alice Paul became the first "cause" to picket outside the White House. Paul had been mentored by Emeline Pankhurst while in England, and both she and Lucy Burns led a series of protests against the Wilson Administration in Washington.<ref>Zahniser, Jill Diane and Fry, Amelia R. (2014). Alice Paul: Claiming Power. p. 175. Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Wilson ignored the protests for six months, but on June 20, 1917, as a Russian delegation drove up to the White House, suffragists unfurled a banner which stated: "We women of America tell you that America is not a democracy. Twenty million women are denied the right to vote. President Wilson is the chief opponent of their national enfranchisement".<ref name="Clement">Ciment, James and Russell, Thaddeus (2007). The home front encyclopedia: United States, Britain, and Canada in World Wars I and II, Vol. 1. p. 163. ABC-CLIO.</ref> Another banner on August 14, 1917, referred to "Kaiser Wilson" and compared the plight of the German people with that of American women. With this manner of protest, the women were subject to arrests and many were jailed. Another ongoing tactic of the National Woman's Party was watchfires, which involved burning copies of President Wilson's speeches, often outside the White House or in the nearby Lafayette Park. The Party continued to hold watchfires even as the war began, drawing criticism from the public and even other suffrage groups for being unpatriotic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On October 17, Alice Paul was sentenced to seven months and on October 30 began a hunger strike, but after a few days prison authorities began to force feed her.<ref name="Clement" /> After years of opposition, Wilson changed his position in 1918 to advocate women's suffrage as a war measure.<ref>Lemons, J. Stanley (1973). The woman citizen: social feminism in the 1920s, p. 13. University of Virginia Press.</ref>

File:Women suffragists picketing in front of the White house.jpg

The Silent Sentinels, women suffragists picketing in front of the White House Template:Circa. Banner on the left reads, "Mr President, How long must women wait for Liberty?", and the banner to the right, "Mr President, What will you do for women's suffrage?"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The key vote came on June 4, 1919,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> when the Senate approved the amendment by 56 to 25 after four hours of debate, during which Democratic Senators opposed to the amendment filibustered to prevent a roll call until their absent Senators could be protected by pairs. The Ayes included 36 (82%) Republicans and 20 (54%) Democrats. The Nays were from 8 (18%) Republicans and 17 (46%) Democrats. The Nineteenth Amendment, which prohibited state or federal sex-based restrictions on voting, was ratified by sufficient states in 1920.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to the article, "Nineteenth Amendment", by Leslie Goldstein from the Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States, "by the end it also included jail sentences, and hunger strikes in jail accompanied by brutal force feedings; mob violence; and legislative votes so close that partisans were carried in on stretchers" (Goldstein, 2008). Even after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, women were still facing problems. For instance, when women had registered to vote in Maryland, "residents sued to have the women's names removed from the registry on the grounds that the amendment itself was unconstitutional" (Goldstein, 2008).

Before 1965, women of color, such as African Americans and Native Americans, were disenfranchised, especially in the South.<ref name="Voting Rights Act">Template:Source-attribution</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibited racial discrimination in voting, and secured voting rights for racial minorities throughout the U.S.<ref name="Voting Rights Act" />

Puerto Rico

On Puerto Rico, the organized struggle for women's suffrage on the American dependency of Puerto Rico begun when the United States introduced suffrage for males only via the Jones Act in 1917, and the Liga Femínea Puertorriqueña (from 1920 known as Liga Social Sufragista) was founded by Ana Roque de Duprey to campaign for voting rights to be extended also to women.<ref>Jiménez-Muñoz, Gladys M. (1998). "7. Literacy, Class, and Sexuality in the Debate on Women's Suffrage in Puerto Rico during the 1920s". In Matos-Rodriguez, Felix V.; Delgado, Linda C. (eds.). Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 143–170. Template:ISBN.</ref> When women's suffrage was introduced in the US in 1920, the suffragists on Puerto Rico stated that this reform should apply to Puerto Rico as well, and sued under the leadership of Milagros Benet de Mewton for this purpose. Women's suffrage was extended to Puerto Rico in 1929, but only for literate women; full women's suffrage was introduced by the US on Puerto Rico first in 1932.

File:Sufragio femenino Uruguay 1938.jpg

Commemorative poster of the 1938 Uruguayan general election.

Uruguay

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Women's suffrage was announced as a principle in the Constitution of Uruguay of 1917, and declared as law in a decree of 1932. The first national election in which women voted was the 1938 Uruguayan general election.<ref name="Miller1991"/>

Nevertheless, the first time that women were able to vote was in the 1927 Cerro Chato referendum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Venezuela

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} After the 1928 Student Protests, women started participating more actively in politics. In 1935, women's rights supporters founded the Feminine Cultural Group (known as 'ACF' from its initials in Spanish), with the goal of tackling women's problems. The group supported women's political and social rights, and believed it was necessary to involve and inform women about these issues to ensure their personal development. It went on to give seminars, as well as founding night schools and the House of Laboring Women.

Groups looking to reform the 1936 Civil Code of Conduct in conjunction with the Venezuelan representation to the Union of American Women called the First Feminine Venezuelan Congress in 1940. In this congress, delegates discussed the situation of women in Venezuela and their demands. Key goals were women's suffrage and a reform to the Civil Code of Conduct. Around twelve thousand signatures were collected and handed to the Venezuelan Congress, which reformed the Civil Code of Conduct in 1942.

In 1944, groups supporting women's suffrage, the most important being Feminine Action, organized around the country. During 1945, women attained the right to vote at a municipal level. This was followed by a stronger call of action. Feminine Action began editing a newspaper called the Correo Cívico Femenino, to connect, inform and orientate Venezuelan women in their struggle. Finally, after the 1945 Venezuelan coup d'état and the call for a new Constitution, to which women were elected, women's suffrage became a constitutional right in the country.

In non-religious organizations

The right of women to vote has sometimes been denied in non-religious organizations; for example, it was not until 1964 that women in the National Association of the Deaf in the United States were first allowed to vote.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In religion

Christianity

Template:See also The Pope is elected by cardinals.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Women are not appointed as cardinals, and therefore, women cannot vote for the Pope.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The female Catholic office of Abbess is elective, the choice being made by the secret votes of nuns belonging to the community.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The high rank ascribed to abbesses within the Catholic Church formerly permitted some abbesses the right to sit and vote at national assemblies – as with various high-ranking abbesses in Medieval Germany, who were ranked among the independent princes of the empire. Their Protestant successors enjoyed the same privilege almost into modern times.<ref name="Abbess"/>

On 6 February 2021, Pope Francis appointed Nathalie Becquart an undersecretary of the Synod of Bishops,<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> making her the first woman to have the right to vote in the Synod of Bishops.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 26 April 2023, Pope Francis announced that women would be allowed to vote at the Sixteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> marking the first time women were allowed to vote at any Synod of Bishops.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Islam

Template:See also In some countries, some mosques have constitutions prohibiting women from voting in board elections.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Judaism

Template:See also In Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism, and most Orthodox Jewish movements, women have the right to vote. Since the 1970s, more and more Modern Orthodox synagogues and religious organizations have been granting women the right to vote and to be elected to their governing bodies. In a few Ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities, women are denied the vote or the ability to be elected to positions of authority.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the United States, Jewish women were hugely participatory in the suffrage movement. American Jewish support started in the mid-1800s but grew significantly at the turn of the twentieth century due to Jewish immigration from Europe. Jewish suffragists faced antisemitism and xenophobia from anti-suffragists and suffragists alike. By the time of the Nineteenth Amendment, a majority of American Jews supported suffrage.<ref name="Suffrage in the United States">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ernestine Rose was a Polish American suffragist who worked closely with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. She is sometimes referred to as "the first Jewish feminist" though she had renounced Judaism at an early age and was an active atheist.<ref name="Suffrage in the United States"/>

Timelines

• Timeline of women's suffrage
• Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
• Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries

See also

• Anti-suffragism
• Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States
• Gender Inequalities in France
• List of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage
• List of suffragists and suffragettes
• List of the first female holders of political offices in Europe
• List of the first female members of parliament by country
• List of women's rights activists
• Open Christmas Letter
• Suffrage Hikes
• Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913
• Women's suffrage in the United States
• Women's suffrage movement in Washington
• Women's suffrage organizations
• Women's work

External links

• Photo Essay on Women's Suffrage by the International Museum of Women
• Women's Suffrage, "A World Chronology of the Recognition of Women's Rights to Vote and to Stand for Election".
• Suffrage in Canada
• Press release with respect to Qatar and Yemen
• UNCG Special Collections and University Archives selections of American Suffragette manuscripts
• Photographs of U.S. suffragettes, marches, and demonstrations
• Ada James papers and correspondence (1915–1918) – a digital collection presented by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center. Ada James (1876–1952) was a leading a social reformer, humanitarian, and pacifist from Richland Center, Wisconsin and daughter of State Senator David G. James. The Ada James papers document the grass roots organizing and politics required to promote and guarantee the passage of women's suffrage in Wisconsin and beyond.
• Women's suffrage in Germany – January 19, 1919 – first suffrage (active and passive) for women in Germany
• Suffragists vs. Suffragettes – brief article outlining origins of term "suffragette", usage of term and links to other sources.
• Women in Congress – Information about women who have served in the U.S. Congress including historical essays that cover suffrage.
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• Woman suffragist, Mary Ellen Ewing vs the Houston School Board – Collection at the University of Houston Digital Library. Template:Webarchive
• Women's Suffrage and Equal Rights in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library
• Select "Suffrage" subject, at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection, Cornell University Library
• Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party
• Detailed Chronology of National Woman's *Digitized items from the National American Women's Suffrage Collection in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division of the Library of Congress
• UP & DOING!, a video re-enactment of the 1894 passage of women's suffrage in South Australia produced by the Parliament of South Australia
• “Let the Women Vote!,” PBS Utah, The Walter J. Brown Media Archives & Peabody Awards Collection at the University of Georgia, American Archive of Public Broadcasting