Template:Use mdy dates Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Use American English Template:Infobox unit
The yard (symbol: yd)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> is an English unit of length in both the British imperial and US customary systems of measurement equalling 3 feet or 36 inches. Since 1959 it has been by international agreement standardized as exactly 0.9144 meter. A distance of 1,760 yards is equal to 1 mile.
The theoretical US survey yard is very slightly longer. Template:TOC limit Template:Anchor
NameEdit
{{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}} The term, yard derives from the Old English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} etc., which was used for branches, staves and measuring rods.Template:Sfnp It is first attested in the late 7th century laws of Ine of Wessex,Template:Sfnp wherein the "yard of land" mentionedTemplate:Sfnp is the yardland, an old English unit of tax assessment equal to Template:Frac hide.Template:Refn Around the same time the Lindisfarne Gospels account of the messengers from John the Baptist in the Gospel of Matthew<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref> used it for a branch swayed by the wind.Template:Sfnp In addition to the yardland, Old and Middle English both used their forms of "yard" to denote the surveying lengths of Template:Convert or Template:Convert, used in computing acres, a distance now usually known as the "rod".Template:Sfnp
A unit of three English feet is attested in [[Composition of Yards and Perches|a statute of Template:Circa]] (see below), but there it is called an ell ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Abbr "arm"), a separate and usually longer unit of around Template:Convert. The use of the word ‘yard’ (Template:Langx or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) to describe this length is first attested in William Langland's poem on Piers Plowman.Template:SfnpTemplate:Refn The usage seems to derive from the prototype standard rods held by the king and his magistrates (see below).
The word 'yard' is a homonym of 'yard' in the sense of an enclosed area of land. This second meaning of 'yard' has an etymology related to the word ‘garden’ and is not related to the unit of measurement.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
In India the yard is colloquially known as a guz, which equals 3 feet.
HistoryEdit
OriginEdit
The origin of the yard measure is uncertain. Both the Romans and the Welsh used multiples of a shorter foot, but Template:Frac Roman feet was a "step" (Template:Langx) and 3 Welsh feet was a "pace" (Template:Langx). The Proto-Germanic cubit or arm's-length has been reconstructed as *alinô, which developed into the Old English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Middle English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and modern ell of Template:Cvt. This has led some to derive the yard of three English feet from pacing; others from the ell or cubit; and still others from Henry I's arm standard (see below). Based on the etymology of the other "yard", some suggest it originally derived from the girth of a person's waist, while others believe it originated as a cubic measure.Template:Citation needed One official British report writes:
From ell to yardEdit
The earliest record of a prototype measure is the statute II Edgar Cap. 8 (AD 959 Template:Abbr 963), which survives in several variant manuscripts. In it, Edgar the Peaceful directed the Witenagemot at Andover that "the measure held at Winchester" should be observed throughout his realm.Template:Sfnp (Some manuscripts read "at London and at Winchester".)Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp The statutes of William I similarly refer to and uphold the standard measures of his predecessors without naming them.
Template:Anchor William of Malmesbury's Deeds of the Kings of England records that during the reign of Henry I (1100–1135), "the measure of his arm was applied to correct the false ell of the traders and enjoined on all throughout England."Template:Sfn The folktale that the length was bounded by the king's noseTemplate:Sfnp was added some centuries later. Charles Moore Watson dismisses William's account as "childish",Template:Sfnp but William was among the most conscientious and trustworthy medieval historians.Template:Sfnp The French "king's foot" was supposed to have derived from Charlemagne,Template:Sfnp and the English kings subsequently repeatedly intervened to impose shorter units with the aim of increasing tax revenue.Template:Citation needed
The earliest surviving definition of this shorter unit appears in the Act on the Composition of Yards and Perches, one of the statutes of uncertain dateTemplate:Refn tentatively dated to the reign of Edward I or II Template:Circa. Its wording varies in surviving accounts. One reads:Template:Refn
It is ordained that 3 grains of barley dry and round do make an inch, 12 inches make 1 foot, 3 feet make 1 yard, 5 yards and a half make a perch, and 40 perches in length and 4 in breadth make an acre.
The Liber Horn compilation (1311) includes that statute with slightly different wording and adds:Template:Sfnp
And be it remembered that the iron yard of our Lord the King containeth 3 feet and no more, and a foot ought to contain 12 inches by the right measure of this yard measured, to wit, the 36th part of this yard rightly measured maketh 1 inch neither more nor less and 5 yards and a half make a perch that is 16 feet and a half measured by the aforesaid yard of our Lord the King.
In some early books, this act was appended to another statute of uncertain date titled the Statute for the Measuring of Land. The act was not repealed until the Weights and Measures Act 1824.Template:Refn
Yard and inchEdit
In a law of 1439 (18 Hen. 6. c. 16) the sale of cloth by the "yard and handful" was abolished, and the "yard and inch" instituted<ref name="statutes at large-1439">Template:Cite book</ref> (see ell).
There shall be but one Measure of Cloth through the Realm by the Yard and the Inch, and not by the Yard and Handful, according to the London Measure.
According to Connor,Template:Sfnp cloth merchants had previously sold cloth by the yard and handful to evade high taxes on cloth (the extra handful being essentially a black-market transaction). Enforcement efforts resulted in cloth merchants switching over to the yard and inch, at which point the government gave up and made the yard and inch official. In 1552, the yard and inch for cloth measurement was again sanctioned in law (5 & 6 Edw. 6. c. 6. An Act for the true making of Woolen Cloth.)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The yard and inch for cloth measurement was also sanctioned again in legislation of 1557–1558 (4 & 5 Ph. & M. c. 5. An act touching the making of woolen clothes. par. IX.)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
IX. Item, That every ordinary kersie mentioned in the said act shall contain in length in the water betwixt xvi. and xvii. yards, yard and inch; and being well scoured thicked, milled, dressed and fully dried, shall weigh nineteen pounds the piece at the least:...
As recently as 1593, the same principle is found mentioned once again (35 Eliz. 1. c. 10 An act for the reformation of sundry abuses in clothes, called Devonshire kerjies Template:Sic or dozens, according to a proclamation of the thirty-fourth year of the reign of our sovereign lady the Queen that now is. par. III.)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
(2) and each and every of the same Devonshire kersies or dozens, so being raw, and as it cometh forth off the weaver's loom (without racking, stretching, straining or other device to encrease the length thereof) shall contain in length between fifteen and sixteen yards by the measure of yard and inch by the rule,...
Physical standardsEdit
One of the oldest yard-rods in existence is the clothyard of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors. It consists of a hexagonal iron rod Template:Cvt in diameter and Template:Cvt short of a yard, encased within a silver rod bearing the hallmark 1445.Template:Sfnp<ref name="(sir.)museum1863">Template:Cite book</ref> In the early 15th century, the Merchant Taylors Company was authorized to "make search" at the opening of the annual St. Bartholomew's Day Cloth Fair.<ref name="Hazlitt1892">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Clode1888">Template:Cite book</ref> In the mid-18th century, GrahamTemplate:Who compared the standard yard of the Royal Society to other existing standards. These were a "long-disused" standard made in 1490 during the reign of Henry VII,<ref name="Commons1873-34">Template:Cite book (pp 374 of book)</ref> and a brass yard and a brass ell from 1588 in the time of Queen Elizabeth and still in use at the time, held at the Exchequer;<ref name="Commons1873-25">Template:Cite book (pp 364,365 of book)</ref> a brass yard and a brass ell at the Guildhall; and a brass yard presented to the Clock-Makers' Company by the Exchequer in 1671.<ref name=knight /> The Exchequer yard was taken as "true"; the variation was found to be +Template:Frac to −Template:Frac of an inch, and an additional graduation for the Exchequer yard was made on the Royal Society's standard.<ref name=knight /> In 1758 the legislature required the construction of a standard yard, which was made from the Royal Society's standard and was deposited with the clerk of the House of Commons; it was divided into feet, one of the feet into inches, and one of the inches into tenths.<ref name=knight /> A copy of it, but with upright cheeks between which other measuring rods could be placed, was made for the Exchequer for commercial use.<ref name=knight>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Wade1905">Template:Cite book</ref>
19th-century BritainEdit
Following Royal Society investigations by John Playfair, William Hyde Wollaston and John Warner in 1814 a committee of parliament proposed defining the standard yard based upon the length of a seconds pendulum. This idea was examined but not approved.<ref name="Dowling1872">Template:Cite book</ref> The Weights and Measures Act 1824 (5 Geo. 4. c. 74) An Act for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures stipulates that:<ref name="Britain1824">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1834, the primary Imperial yard standard was partially destroyed in a fire known as the Burning of Parliament.<ref name="Report on Restoration of Standards">Template:Cite report</ref>Template:Refn. In 1838, a commissionTemplate:Refn was formed to reconstruct the lost standards, including the troy pound, which had also been destroyed.Template:Sfn In 1845, a new yard standard was constructed based on two previously existing standards known as A1 and A2, both of which had been made for the Ordnance Survey, and R.S. 46, the yard of the Royal Astronomical Society. All three had been compared to the Imperial standard before the fire.
The new standard was made of Baily's metal No. 4 consisting of 16 parts copper, Template:Frac parts tin, and 1 part zinc. It was 38 inches long and 1 inch square. The Weights and Measures Act 1855 granted official recognition to the new standards. Between 1845 and 1855 forty yard standards were constructed, one of which was selected as the new Imperial standard. Four others, known as 'parliamentary copies', were distributed to the Royal Mint, the Royal Society of London, the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, and the New Palace at Westminster, commonly called the Houses of Parliament.<ref name="Zupko1990">Template:Cite book</ref> The other 35 yard standards were distributed to the cities of London, Edinburgh, and Dublin, as well as the United States and other countries (although only the first five had official status).Template:Sfn The imperial standard received by the United States is known as "Bronze Yard No. 11"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Weights and Measures Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 49) confirmed the status of the existing yard standard, mandated regular intercomparisons between the several yard standards, and authorized the construction of one additional Parliamentary Copy (made in 1879 and known as Parliamentary Copy VI).<ref name="Britain1878">Template:Cite book</ref>
Definition of the yard in terms of the meterEdit
Subsequent measurements revealed that the yard standard and its copies were shrinking at the rate of one part per million every twenty years due to the gradual release of strain incurred during the fabrication process.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The international prototype meter, on the other hand, was comparatively stable. A measurement made in 1895 determined the length of the meter at Template:Val inches relative to the imperial standard yard. The Weights and Measures (Metric System) Act 1897<ref name="The Law journal reports">Template:Cite book</ref> (60 & 61 Vict. c. 46) in conjunction with Order in Council 411 (1898) made this relationship official. After 1898, the de facto legal definition of the yard came to be accepted as Template:Frac of a meter.
The yard (known as the "international yard" in the United States) was legally defined to be exactly 0.9144 meter in 1959 under an agreement in 1959 between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref name="Astin">A. V. Astin & H. Arnold Karo, (1959), Refinement of values for the yard and the pound, Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards, republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register (Doc. 59-5442, Filed, June 30, 1959, 8:45 a.m.)</ref> In the UK, the provisions of the treaty were ratified by the Weights and Measures Act 1963. The Imperial Standard Yard of 1855 was renamed the United Kingdom Primary Standard Yard and retained its official status as the national prototype yard.<ref name="Zupko1990-1963">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Weights and Measures Act 1985 Baily's Metal. Parliamentary Copy (VI) of the Imperial Standard Yard. 41 & 42 Victoria, Chapter 49. Standard Yard at 62° Faht. Cast in 1878</ref>
Current useEdit
The yard is used to define the dimensions of the playing area in American football,<ref>American Football pitch dimensions</ref> Canadian football,<ref>Canadian Football Pitch dimensions</ref> association football,<ref>Association Football pitch dimensions,</ref> cricket,<ref>Cricket pitch dimensions</ref> and in some countries golf.Template:Cn
There are corresponding units of area and volume, the square yard and cubic yard respectively. These are sometimes referred to simply as "yards" when no ambiguity is possible, for example an American or Canadian concrete mixer may be marked with a capacity of "9 yards" or "1.5 yards", where cubic yards are obviously referred to.
Yards are also used and are the legal requirement on road signs for shorter distances in the United Kingdom, and are also frequently found in conversation between Britons much like in the United States for distance.<ref>Driving Standards Agency (1999), The Highway Code, London: The Stationery Office, Template:ISBN, pp. 74–75</ref>
Textiles and fat quarters Template:AnchorEdit
The yard, subdivided into eighths, is used for the purchase of fabrics in the United States and United KingdomTemplate:RefnTemplate:Cn and was previously used elsewhere. In the United States the term "fat quarter" is used for a piece of fabric which is half a yard in length cut from a roll and then cut again along the width so that it is only half the width of the roll, thus the same area as a piece of one quarter yard cut from the full width of the roll; these pieces are popular for patchwork and quilting.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The term "fat eighth" is also used, for a piece of one quarter yard from half the roll width, the same area as one eighth cut from the roll.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
EquivalencesEdit
For purposes of measuring cloth, the early yard was divided by the binary method into two, four, eight and sixteen parts.<ref name="The statutes at large-1726">Template:Cite book</ref> The two most common divisions were the fourth and sixteenth parts. The quarter of a yard (9 inches) was known as the "quarter" without further qualification, while the sixteenth of a yard (2.25 inches) was called a nail.<ref name="Arnold1850">Template:Cite book</ref> The eighth of a yard (4.5 inches) was sometimes called a finger,<ref name="The Encyclopedia Americana">Template:Cite book</ref> but was more commonly referred to simply as an eighth of a yard, while the half-yard (18 inches) was called "half a yard".<ref name="Instructions for cutting">Template:Cite book</ref>
Other units related to the yard, but not specific to cloth measurement: two yards are a fathom and a quarter of a yard (when not referring to cloth) is a span.<ref name="Steen1846">Template:Cite book</ref>
ConversionsEdit
- Template:Val (international) yards = Template:Val survey yards = Template:Val meters.
- Template:Val (international) yards = Template:Val meters.
- Template:Val survey yards = Template:Val meters.
- 1 (international) yard = Template:Val survey yards = Template:Val meters.
- 1 survey yard ≈ Template:Val meters.
- 1 (international) statute mile = 8 international furlongs = 80 international chains = Template:Val (international) yards.
- 1 survey mile = 8 furlongs = 80 chains = Template:Val survey yards.
Where
- pre-1959 US yard – defined 1869, implemented 1893,<ref name="physics.nist.gov">NIST Guide to the SI – section B.6 U.S. survey foot and mile</ref> deprecated 2023<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> For survey purposes, certain pre-1959 units were retained, usually prefaced by the word "survey," among them the survey inch, survey foot, and survey mile, also known as the statute mile. The rod and furlong existed only in their pre-1959 form and are thus not prefaced by the word "survey", and were deprecated at the same time as the survey foot. New conversion factors for the rod and furlong as 16.5 international feet and 660 international feet respectively have been published by NIST.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, it is not clear if a "survey yard" actually existed.<ref>NIST Handbook 44 – 2012 Appendix C "General Tables of Units of Measurement" page C-5</ref>
- international yard (defined 1959):<ref name="Fenna2002">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Magazines1959">Template:Cite journal</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Guz, a similar unit used in Asia
- 3 ft gauge railways
- Vara
- Yardstick
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
CitationsEdit
BibliographyEdit
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External linksEdit
Template:Imperial units Template:United States Customary Units