Zhangzhou

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Zhangzhou (Template:IPAc-en, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a prefecture-level city in Fujian Province, China. The prefecture around the city proper comprises the southeast corner of the province, facing the Taiwan Strait and (with Quanzhou) surrounding the prefecture of Xiamen.

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Zhangzhou is the atonal pinyin romanization of the city's Chinese name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, using its pronunciation in Standard Mandarin.<ref>"Zhangzhou". Collins English Dictionary.</ref> The name derives from the city's former status as the seat of the imperial Chinese Zhang Prefecture. The same name was romanized as Changchow on the Chinese Postal Map and Template:Nowrap in Wade-Giles. Other romanizations include Chang-chow.<ref name=Chang-chow>Template:Cite EB9</ref>

It also appears as Chang-chu,<ref name=amoy>Template:Cite EB9. </ref> Changchew, Chiang-chew, Chiang-Chew, Chiang Chew, Chiochiu,<ref name=":Van der Loon">Template:Cite journal</ref> Chanchiu,<ref name=":Van der Loon" /> Changchiu<ref name=":Van der Loon" /> from the city's local Zhangzhou dialect pronunciation of Hokkien Template:Lang-zh.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This name appeared in Spanish and Portuguese Jesuit sources as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} as well from the Quanzhou dialect pronunciation of Hokkien Template:Lang-zh, which was anglicized as Chinchew. By the 19th century, however, Chinchew as a name had migrated and was used to refer to Quanzhou, a separate port about Template:Convert east-northeast of central Zhangzhou.<ref name=quanzhou>Template:Cite EB9</ref>

GeographyEdit

Zhangzhou proper lies on the banks of the Jiulong River in southern Fujian about Template:Convert from central Xiamen,<ref name=Chang-chow/> whose urban core has grown to form a single urbanized area with it. The prefecture of Zhangzhou comprises the southeastern corner of the province, surrounding Xiamen. The prefecture of Quanzhou lies to its northeast, Longyan to its northwest, and Shantou in Guangdong to its southwest.

ClimateEdit

Zhangzhou has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild to warm winters and long, very hot and humid summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from Template:Convert in January to Template:Convert in July, and the annual mean is Template:Convert. The frost-free period lasts 330 days.

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HistoryEdit

File:闽南护法区.png

Map of the Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian

According to Odoric of Pordenone, Zhangzhou was a prosperous city twice the size of Bologna.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

During the early Qing, Zhangzhou was the primary Fujianese port trading with Portuguese Macao and Spanish Manila. For a time, the Portuguese maintained a factory in the city.<ref name=quanzhou/>

During the late Qing, Zhangzhou remained a center of silk, brick, and sugar production with about a million people and extensive internal and maritime trade. Its city wall had a circumference of about Template:Convert but included a good deal of open ground and farmland. Its streets were paved with granite but badly maintained. The Template:Convert bridge across the Jiulong River consisted of wooden planks laid between 25 piles of stones at roughly equal intervals.<ref name=Chang-chow/> The port of Xiamen in an island at the mouth of the Jiulong principally functioned as a trading center for the produce and wares of Zhangzhou and its hinterland;<ref name=amoy/> both suffered economically when Indian tea plantations cratered demand for Fujianese tea in the late 19th century.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911.</ref>

From 1918 to 1920, Chen Jiongming established the anarchist Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian with Zhangzhou as its capital.<ref>Chen Jiongming Anarchism and the Federalist State</ref>

The old city of Zhangzhou (now Xiangcheng District) was occupied in April and May 1932 by a column of Communist guerrillas under Mao Zedong. Due to the presence of Western gunboats in Xiamen Bay, arms shipments from the Soviet Union were unable to get up the Jiulong River to Mao's forces and the main Communist bases. Discovering this, Mao retreated from the city, according to some accounts with a substantial amount of loot taken from its residents.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>

Administrative divisionsEdit

Zhangzhou comprises 4 urban districts, and 7 counties.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Xiangcheng District ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
Longwen District ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
Longhai District ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
Changtai District ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
Dongshan County ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
Hua'an County ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
Nanjing County ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
Pinghe County ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
Yunxiao County ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
Zhangpu County ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
Zhao'an County ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})

Map
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DemographicsEdit

During the 2020 Chinese census, the entire area of Zhangzhou was home to 5,054,328 inhabitants. Along with the 2,120,178 people of central Xiamen, its urban districts of Xiangcheng, Longwen, Longhai and Changtai, form a single metropolitan area of about 7,284,148 people. {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The main language of the Zhangzhou Hokkiens is the local dialect of Min Nan, part of the Southern Min branch of Min Chinese. Template:Citation needed span

Hakka is also spoken in the rural peasant area of Zhangzhou in the west and south.

EconomyEdit

Template:Expand section Babao seal paste was invented by the druggist Wei Changan as a traditional medicine in 1673. It was repurposed for artistic use a few years later and gained imperial favor under the Qianlong Emperor. It remains prized for its bright color and pleasant smell.

A major petrochemical plant, producing paraxylene, owned by Taiwan-based Xianglu Group is located in Zhangzhou's Gulei Peninsula. The plant suffered major fires in 2013 and 2015.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

TransportationEdit

Two passenger stations serve Zhangzhou:

Zhangzhou East Railway Station on the older Yingtan–Xiamen Railway, northeast of the city;
Zhangzhou Railway Station, the junction of the high-speed Xiamen–Shenzhen Railway and Longyan–Xiamen Railway, opened in 2012, south of the city.

EducationEdit

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Notable residentsEdit

Chen Yuanguang (657–711), a leader of the movement to sinicize Fujian and northern Guangdong.
Khaw Soo Cheang (1786–1882), merchant and governor of a Thai province.
Lim Gu Tong (1895–1976), international author, cultural ambassador and inventor.
Fang Zhouzi (1967), science writer.