Zona pellucida

The zona pellucida (Latin meaning "transparent zone") is the specialized area surrounding mammalian oocytes (eggs). It is also known as an egg coat. The zona pellucida is essential for oocyte growth and fertilization. Template:Short description Template:Infobox anatomy

The zona pellucida is an extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the egg cell. It helps protect the egg, and has an essential role in fertilization by sperm. It is surrounded by the corona radiata. The corona is composed of cells that care for the egg when it is emitted from the ovary.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

StructureEdit

The zona pellucida is a translucent matrix of cross-linked glycoprotein filaments that surrounds the mammalian oocyte and is 6.5–20 μm thick depending on the species. Its formation, which depends on a conserved zona pellucida-like (ZP) module that mediates the polymerization of egg coat components,<ref name="pmid12021773">Template:Cite journal</ref> is critical to successful fertilization.<ref name="Gupta">Template:Cite journal</ref> In non-mammals, it is called the vitelline membrane or vitelline envelope.<ref name="Monné">Template:Cite journal</ref>

FunctionEdit

The thick membrane of the zona pellucida functions to only allow species-specific fertilization; to prevent polyspermy, and enable the acrosome reaction for the successful adhesion and penetration by the sperm cell. It also allows correct embryo development and size. The major glycoproteins of the egg coat responsible are known as sperm-binding proteins.<ref name="JRI">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The zona pellucida binds spermatozoa, and is required to initiate the acrosome reaction. In mice, the zona glycoprotein (ZP3) is responsible for sperm binding, adhering to proteins on the sperm plasma membrane. During the acrosome reaction, a sperm cell releases the DNA contained in the acrosomal vesicle into the egg. In other species, the process is slightly different and more complicated. Several more zona proteins have been identified.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

There are two key mechanisms of interaction to prevent polyspermy (fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm). The first one is an immediate and transient early block and after a while a permanent block.

The four major sperm-binding proteins, or sperm-receptors, are ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, and ZP4. They bind to capacitated spermatozoa and induce the acrosome reaction. Successful fertilization depends on the ability of sperm to penetrate the extracellular matrix of the zona pellucida that surrounds the egg.Template:Cn

ZP3 allows species-specificTemplate:Cn sperm binding. It's sufficient and necessary for sperm-binding in mice in vitro,<ref name=mouse>Template:Cite journal</ref> but is insufficient for fertilization in vivo.<ref name=zp2-sp>Template:Cite journal</ref> It promotes the acrosome reaction in human sperm.<ref name="acro-mm">Template:Cite journal</ref>
ZP2 selectively activates sperm of the correct species, and it also appears necessary for sperm binding in vivo, for both humans and mice. In addition, it's cleaved by ovastacin post-fertilization, which turns the ZP into a form that prevents further sperm binding.<ref name=zp2-sp/>
ZP1 cross-links ZP2 and ZP3 to form the ZP filaments.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It promotes the acrosome reaction in human sperm. Notably, it is absent in pigs, cows, and dogs.<ref name="acro-mm"/>
ZP4 is absent in mice. It promotes the acrosome reaction in human sperm.<ref name="acro-mm"/>

In humans, five days after fertilization, the blastocyst performs zona hatching; the zona pellucida degenerates and decomposes, to be replaced by the underlying layer of trophoblastic cells.Template:Cn

ImmunocontraceptionEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} ZP module-containing glycoproteins ZP1, ZP2, ZP3 and ZP4 are targets for immunocontraception in mammals.Template:Cn

In non-mammals, the zona pellucida is called the vitelline membrane or envelope, and the vitelline envelope in insects, and plays an important role in preventing cross-breeding of different species, especially in species such as fish that fertilize outside of the body.Template:Cn

The zona pellucida is commonly used to control wildlife population problems by immunocontraception. When the zona pellucida of one animal species is injected into the bloodstream of another, it results in sterility of the second species due to immune response. This effect can be temporary or permanent, depending on the method used. In New Jersey, immunocontraception using porcine zona pellucida has been trialled for the control of deer.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Additional imagesEdit

Gray9.png

First stages of segmentation of a mammalian ovum
Gray1164.png

Section of vesicular ovarian follicle of a cat, x 50
HumanEmbryogenesis.svg

The initial stages of human embryogenesis

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

Template:BUHistology - "Female Reproductive System: ovary, cumulus oophorus "
Template:BUHistology - "Female Reproductive System: ovary, multilaminar primary follicle"
Template:UCDavisOrganology - "Mammal, canine ovary (LM, High)"
Image at um.edu.mt
Image at um.edu.mt

Template:Female reproductive system