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19th of April Movement
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{{Short description|Defunct left-wing guerilla movement in Colombia (1974–1990)}} {{distinguish|April Revolution}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox war faction | name = 19th of April Movement | native_name = Movimiento 19 de Abril | native_name_lang = es | war = [[Colombian armed conflict]] | image = [[File:Flag of M-19.svg|150px|M-19's flag]] | caption = Flag and logo of the M-19. | active = 17 January 1974 – 8 March 1990 | ideology = [[Bolivarianism]]<br>[[Left-wing nationalism]]<br>[[Revolutionary socialism]] | position = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]] | leaders = {{Plainlist| *[[Jaime Bateman Cayón]] [[Accidental death|#]]<!-- no symbol for accidental death --> (17 January 1974 – 28 April 1983) *[[Iván Marino Ospina]]{{KIA}} (28 April 1983 – 28 August 1985) *[[Álvaro Fayad]]{{KIA}} (28 August 1985 – 13 March 1986) *[[Carlos Pizarro Leongómez]] (13 March 1986 – 8 March 1990) *[[Carlos Toledo Plata]]}} | country = [[Colombia]] | headquarters = {{plainlist| *[[Cauca Department|Cauca]] *[[Caquetá Department|Caquetá]] *[[Nariño]] *[[Valle del Cauca]] *[[Quindío]] }} | area = Concentrated in southern and central Colombia | size = | partof = [[Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board]] | predecessor = | successor = M-19 Democratic Alliance | allies = {{Plainlist| *[[¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo!]] *[[Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement]] *[[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] *[[Tupamaros]] }} | opponents = {{Plainlist| *[[Government of Colombia]] *[[Paramilitarism in Colombia|Colombian paramilitary groups]] *[[Muerte a Secuestradores]] }} | battles = | crimes = {{Plainlist| *Theft of Bolívar's sword (1974) *Kidnapping and Murder of José Raquel Mercado (1976) *Theft of weapons from the North Canton (1978) *Takeover of the embassy of the Dominican Republic (1980) *Hijacking of the Aeropesca Curtis C-46 Plane (1981) *Sinking of El Karina (1981) *Kidnapping of Martha Nieves Ochoa (1981) *Battle of Yarumales (1984) *Battalion America (1986) *Kidnapping of Álvaro Gómez Hurtado (1988) *Kidnapping of politicians, industrialists and journalists *48 Guerrilla takeovers of towns. *Intervention of newspapers, radio and television. *Attacks on Battalions and Embassies. *Theft of milk trucks to distribute the merchandise in popular sectors }} | attacks = {{Plainlist| *Attack on the House of Nariño (1982) *[[Palace of Justice Siege]] *[[1980 Dominican Republic Embassy siege in Bogotá|Dominican Republic embassy siege]] }} | status = }} The '''19th of April Movement''' ({{langx|es|Movimiento 19 de Abril}}), or '''M-19''', was a Colombian [[urban guerrilla]] movement active in the late 1970s and 1980s. After its [[demobilization]] in 1990 it became a political party, the '''M-19 Democratic Alliance''' ({{lang|es|Alianza Democrática M-19}}), or '''AD/M-19'''. The M-19 traced its origins to the allegedly fraudulent [[Colombian general election, 1970|presidential elections of 19 April 1970]], where the left-wing populist [[National Popular Alliance]] (ANAPO) of former military dictator [[Gustavo Rojas Pinilla]] was defeated by the [[National Front (Colombia)|National Front]], a [[power sharing]] coalition of the two main establishment parties. M-19 initially proclaimed itself the armed wing of ANAPO, though party leaders denied any association.<ref name="CSS">{{cite web |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3127.html |title=Colombia: The 19th of April Movement |publisher=[[Federal Research Division]] of the [[Library of Congress]] |work=[[Country Studies Series]] |date=December 1988 |access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> The ideology of the M-19 was [[revolutionary nationalism]], but it claimed its main aim was to open up electoral democracy in Colombia.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIOzDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA573 |title=Encyclopedia of U.S. – Latin American Relations |first1=Thomas |last1=Leonard |first2=Jurgen |last2=Buchenau |first3=Kyle |last3=Longley |first4=Graeme |last4=Mount |author4-link=Graeme Mount |publisher=[[CQ Press]] |date=31 January 2012 |page=573 |isbn=9781608717927}}</ref> It was inspired by other South American urban guerrilla groups, such as the [[Tupamaros]] in Uruguay and the [[Montoneros]] in Argentina. At its height in the mid-1980s, the M-19 was the second largest guerrilla group in Colombia (after the [[FARC]]), with the number of active members estimated at between 1,500 and 2,000. Its actions during this period included the [[Simón Bolívar#Sword of Bolivar|theft of Bolívar's sword]] as well as the [[Palace of Justice siege]]. The group demobilized in the late 1980s and transitioned to electoral politics, though many of its key leaders would be assassinated. The M-19 Democratic Alliance merged with ANAPO in 2003 to form the [[Independent Democratic Pole]] party, the predecessor of today's [[Alternative Democratic Pole]]. Other former members joined various left-wing parties, including the [[Green Alliance (Colombia)|Green Alliance]] and [[Humane Colombia]], the latter formed by ex-member [[Gustavo Petro]]. Petro would go on to unite these parties in his ''[[Historic Pact for Colombia|Pacto Histórico]]'' coalition, which won the [[2022 Colombian parliamentary election|2022 elections]] to form Colombia's current governing coalition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2022 |first=Mariana |last=Palau |title=Is Gustavo Petro Leaving Behind Colombian Progressives? |url=https://americasquarterly.org/article/is-gustavo-petro-leaving-behind-colombian-progressives/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Americas Quarterly |language=en-US}}</ref>
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