Editing Abraham (section)

{{Short description|Hebrew patriarch according to the Hebrew Bible}}
{{About|the biblical figure|the 16th president of the United States|Abraham Lincoln|the name|Abraham (name)|other uses}}
{{Redirect-several|Abram|Avraham|Avram}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| image              = Guercino Abramo ripudia Agar (cropped).jpg
| caption            = {{nowrap|''[[Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael]]'' (1657)}}<br />{{nowrap|by [[Guercino|Giovanni Francesco Barbieri]]}}
| known_for          = Namesake of the [[Abrahamic religions]]: traditional founder of the [[Jewish nation]],{{sfn|Levenson|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|Mendes-Flohr|2005}} spiritual ancestor of [[Christians]],{{sfn|Levenson|2012|p=6}} major [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]],{{sfn|Levenson|2012|p=8}} [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestation of God]] and originator of [[monotheistic]] faith in [[Baháʼí Faith]],{{Sfn|Smith|2000a|pp=22, 231}} third spokesman ({{tlit|ar|natiq}}) prophet of [[Druze]]s{{sfn|Swayd|2009|p=3}}
| spouse             = {{plainlist|
* [[Sarah]]
* [[Hagar]] (concubine)
* [[Keturah]]
}}
| name               = Abraham
| native_name        = {{nobold|אַבְרָהָם {{tlit|hbo|Avrahám}}}}
| native_name_lang   = hbo
| birth_name         = {{lang|hbo|אַבְרָם}} {{tlit|hbo|Avrám}}<ref>[[s:Bible (King James)/Genesis#17:5|Genesis 17:5]]</ref>
| birth_date         = 1948 [[Anno Mundi|{{abbr|AM|Anno Mundi}}]]
| birth_place        = [[Ur Kasdim]], [[Mesopotamia]]
| father             = [[Terah]]
| mother             = [[Amathlai]]<ref>[[s:he:בבא בתרא צא א|בבא בתרא צא א]]</ref>
| children           = {{Collapsible list
    | title = {{nobold|Oldest to youngest:}}
    | [[Ishmael]] (son, with Hagar)
    | [[Isaac]] (son, with Sarah)
    | [[Zimran]] (son, with Keturah)
    | [[Jokshan]] (son, with Keturah)
    | [[Medan (son of Abraham)|Medan]] (son, with Keturah)
    | [[Midian (son of Abraham)|Midian]] (son, with Keturah)
    | [[Ishbak]] (son, with Keturah)
    | [[Shuah]] (son, with Keturah)
}}
| relatives          = {{Collapsible list
    | title = {{nobold|Closest to furthest:}}
    | [[Haran]] (brother)
    | [[Nahor, son of Terah|Nahor]] (brother)
    | [[Jacob]] (grandson)
    | [[Esau]] (grandson)
    | [[Lot (biblical person)|Lot]] (nephew)
    | [[Twelve Tribes of Israel]] (great-grandsons)
    | [[Dinah]] (great-granddaughter)
    | see: ''[[Abraham's family tree]]''
}}
| death_place        = [[Cave of Machpelah]], [[Hebron]], [[Canaan]]<ref>[[s:Bible (King James)/Genesis#25:8|Genesis 25:8]]</ref>
| death_date         = 2123 [[Anno Mundi|{{abbr|AM|Anno Mundi}}]]
}}

'''Abraham'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|eɪ|b|r|ə|h|æ|m|,_|-|h|ə|m}}; {{Hebrew name|{{Script/Hebrew|אַבְרָהָם}}|ʾAvraham|ʾAḇrāhām}}; {{langx|grc-x-biblical|Ἀβραάμ}}, {{Transliteration|grc|Abraám}}; {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|إبراهيم}}}}, {{Transliteration|ar|Ibrāhīm}}|name=|group=}} (originally '''Abram'''){{efn|{{Hebrew name|{{Script/Hebrew|אַבְרָם}}|ʾAvram|ʾAḇrām}}}} is the common [[Hebrews|Hebrew]] [[Patriarchs (Bible)|patriarch]] of the [[Abrahamic religions]], including [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]].{{sfn|McCarter|2000|p=8}} In Judaism, he is the founding father who began the [[Covenant (biblical)|covenantal relationship]] between the [[Jewish people]] and [[God in Judaism|God]]; in Christianity, he is the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or [[gentile|non-Jewish]];{{efn|{{harvnb|Jeffrey|1992|p=10}} writes "In the NT Abraham is recognized as the father of Israel and of the Levitical priesthood (Heb. 7), as the "legal" forebear of Jesus (i.e. ancestor of Joseph according to Matt. 1), and spiritual progenitor of all Christians (Rom. 4; Gal. 3:16, 29; cf. also the ''Visio Pauli'')"}}{{sfn|Wright|2010|p=72}} and [[Abraham in Islam|in Islam]], he is a link in the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|chain of Islamic prophets]] that begins with [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] and culminates in [[Muhammad]].{{sfn|Levenson|2012|p=8}} Abraham is also revered in other Abrahamic religions such as the [[Baháʼí Faith]] and the [[Druze|Druze faith]].{{sfn|Swayd|2009|p=3}}{{Sfn|Smith|2000a|pp=22, 231}}

The story of the life of Abraham, as told in the narrative of the [[Book of Genesis]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]], revolves around the themes of posterity and land.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=Frederick Brotherton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQ1A4xnC-AAC |title=The Life of Abraham: The Obedience of Faith |last2=Meyer |first2=F. B. |date=1996 |publisher=YWAM Publishing |isbn=978-1-883002-34-3 |language=en}}</ref> He is said to have been called by God to leave the house of his father [[Terah]] and settle in the land of [[Canaan]], which God now promises to Abraham and his progeny. This promise is subsequently inherited by [[Isaac]], Abraham's son by his wife [[Sarah]], while Isaac's half-brother [[Ishmael]] is also promised that he will be the founder of a great nation. Abraham purchases a tomb (the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]]) at [[Hebron]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomb of the Patriarchs and Matriarchs (Ma'arat HaMachpelah) |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/tomb-of-the-patriarchs-ma-arat-hamachpelah |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> to be Sarah's grave, thus establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, his heir Isaac is married to a woman from his own kin to earn his parents' approval. Abraham later marries [[Keturah]] and has six more sons; but, on his death, when he is buried beside Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons receive only "gifts".{{sfn|Ska|2009|pp=26–31}}

Most scholars view the [[patriarchal age]], along with [[the Exodus]] and the period of the [[biblical judges]], as a late literary construct that does not relate to any particular historical era.{{sfn|McNutt|1999|pp=41–42}} It is largely concluded that the [[Torah]], the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed during the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian period]], as a result of tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in [[Yehud (Persian province)|Judah]] during the [[Babylonian captivity]] and traced their right to the land through their "father Abraham", and the returning exiles who based their counterclaim on [[Moses]] and the Exodus tradition of the [[Israelites]].{{sfn|Ska|2006|pp=227–228, 260}}