Editing Acala (section)

{{Short description|One of Wisdom kings in Buddhism}}
{{other uses|Acala (disambiguation)}}
{{cleanup lang|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox Buddha
|name=Acala
|mongolian_name={{lang|mn-Cyrl|Хөдөлшгүй}} ({{lang|mn-Latn|Khödölshgüi}})
|preceded_by=
|shakti=
|attributes=[[vajra]], [[lasso]] (''pāśa''), [[Khanda (sword)|khanda]]|veneration=[[Vajrayana|Vajrayana Buddhism]], [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]], [[Shugendō]]
|vietnamese_name=Bất Động Minh Vương
|thai_name=
|korean_name=부동명왕 ({{lang|sa-Latn|Budong Myeongwang}})
|tibetan_name={{bo-textonly|མི་གཡོ་བ་}} ({{lang|bo-Latn|Miyowa}})
|image=不動明王坐像-Fudō Myōō MET DP356182.jpg
|japanese_name={{plainlist|
*{{wikt-lang|ja|不動明王}} ({{lang|ja-Latn|Fudō Myōō}})
*大日大聖不動明王 ({{lang|ja-Latn|Dainichi Daishō Fudō Myōō}})
*不動尊 ({{lang|ja-Latn|Fudō-son}})
*不動使者 ({{lang|ja-Latn|Fudō Shisha}})
*不動如来使 ({{lang|ja-Latn|Fudō Nyoraishi}})
*無動明王 {{lang|ja-Latn|Mudō Myōō}})
*無動尊 ({{lang|ja-Latn|Mudō-son}})
*聖無動尊 ({{lang|ja-Latn|Shō-Mudō-son}})
*阿遮羅 ({{lang|ja-Latn|Ashara}})
*阿遮羅囊他 ({{lang|ja-Latn|Asharanōta}})
*阿梨耶阿左羅嚢多尾儞耶羅惹 ({{lang|ja-Latn|Ariya Asharanōta Bijaranja}})
*お不動さん ({{lang|ja-Latn|O-Fudō-san}})
*お不動様 / お不動さま ({{lang|ja-Latn|O-Fudō-sama}})}}
|chinese_name={{plainlist|
*([[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]]) 不動明王
*([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]]) 不动明王
*([[Pinyin]]: ''Bùdòng Míngwáng'')
*不動金剛明王 / 不动金刚明王 (''Bùdòng Jīngāng Míngwáng'')
*不動使者 / 不动使者 (''Bùdòng Shǐzhě'')
*不動如來使 / 不动如来使 (''Bùdòng Rúláishǐ'')
*不動尊 / 不动尊 (''Bùdòng-zūn'')
*無動明王 / 无动明王 <br>(''Wúdòng Míngwáng'')
*無動尊 / 无动尊 (''Wúdòng-zūn'')
*無動使者 / 无动使者 (''Wúdòng Shǐzhě'')
*阿遮羅 / 阿遮罗 (''Āzhēluó'')
*阿遮羅囊他 / 阿遮罗囊他 (''Āzhēluónángtā'')
*阿梨耶阿左羅嚢多尾侕耶羅惹 / 阿梨耶阿左罗嚢多尾侕耶罗惹 (''Ālíyé Āzuǒluónángduō Wěinǐyéluórě'')}}
|burmese_name=
|pali_name=
|Hindu_name=
|sanskrit_name={{plainlist|
*{{lang|sa|अचल}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|Acala}})
*{{lang|sa|अचलनाथ}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|Acalanātha}})
*{{lang|sa|आर्याचलनाथ}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|Āryācalanātha}})
*{{lang|sa|अचलवज्र}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|Acalavajra}})
*{{lang|sa|चण्डरोषण}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|Caṇḍaroṣaṇa}})
*{{lang|sa|चण्डमहारोषण}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa}})
*{{lang|sa|महाचण्डरोषण}} ({{lang|sa-Latn|Mahācaṇḍaroṣaṇa}})}}
|caption=Statue of ''Fudō Myōō'' (Acala), from early 13th century ([[Kamakura period]]) [[Japan]]
|succeeded_by=
}}
'''{{transliteration|sa|IAST|Acala|italic=no}}''' or '''Achala''' ({{langx|sa|अचल}}, "The Immovable", {{IPA|sa|ˈɐt͜ɕɐlɐ|IPA}}), also known as '''{{transliteration|sa|IAST|Acalanātha|italic=no}}''' ({{lang|sa|अचलनाथ}}, "Immovable Lord") or '''{{transliteration|sa|IAST|Āryācalanātha|italic=no}}''' ({{lang|sa|आर्याचलनाथ}}, "Noble Immovable Lord"), is a [[Fierce deities|wrathful deity]] and ''[[dharmapala]]'' (protector of the [[Dharma]]) prominent in [[Vajrayana|Vajrayana Buddhism]] and [[East Asian Buddhism]].<ref name="murakami2">{{Harvnb|Murakami|1988}}, Jp. rel. dict., pp. 242–246</ref>

Originally a minor deity described as a messenger or acolyte of the [[Buddhahood|buddha]] [[Vairocana]], Acala later rose to prominence as an object of veneration in his own right as a remover of obstacles and destroyer of evil, eventually becoming seen as the wrathful manifestation of either Vairocana, the buddha [[Akshobhya|Akṣobhya]], or the [[bodhisattva]] [[Manjushri|Mañjuśrī]]. In later texts, he is also called '''{{transliteration|sa|IAST|Caṇḍaroṣaṇa|italic=no}}''' ({{lang|sa|चण्डरोषण}}, "Violent Wrathful One", {{IPA|sa|t͜ɕɐɳɖɐˈroːʂɐɳɐ|IPA}}) or '''{{transliteration|sa|IAST|Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa|italic=no}}''' ({{lang|sa|चण्डमहारोषण}}, "Violent One of Great Wrath", {{IPA|sa|t͜ɕɐɳɖɐmɐɦaːˈroːʂɐɳɐ|IPA}}), the names by which he is more commonly known in countries like [[Nepal]] and [[Tibet]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weston|first=David|date=2018|title=The Bayer Collection — University of Glasgow|url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/Media_586405_smxx.pdf|journal=The Bayer Collection|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823051329/https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/Media_586405_smxx.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="donaldson2">{{cite book|last=Donaldson|first=Thomas E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA219|title=Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa: Text|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|year=2001|isbn=978-0-486-25575-0|pages=219–221}}</ref><ref name="kreijger1232">{{cite book|author=Hugo Kreijger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OrqAAAAMAAJ|title=Kathmandu Valley painting: the Jucker collection|publisher=Shambhala|year=1999|isbn=978-1-57062-454-4|page=123}}</ref>

In [[East Asian Buddhism|East Asian]] [[Chinese Esoteric Buddhism|esoteric Buddhism]], Acala is classed among the [[Wisdom King]]s ({{IAST|Vidyārāja}}) and is preeminent among the five Wisdom Kings of the [[Womb Realm]]. Accordingly, he occupies an important hierarchical position in the [[Mandala of the Two Realms]]. In [[Chinese Buddhism|China]], he is known as '''Bùdòng Míngwáng''' (不動明王, "Immovable Wisdom King", the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] translation of Sanskrit ''Acala(nātha) Vidyārāja''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goble|first=Geoffrey C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tImQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65|title=Chinese Esoteric Buddhism: Amoghavajra, the Ruling Elite, and the Emergence of a Tradition|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-231-55064-2|pages=65|language=en}}</ref>), while in Japan, he is called '''Fudō Myōō''', the ''[[on'yomi]]'' reading of his Chinese name.<ref name="britacala2">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fudo-Myo-o Fudō Myōō] and [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Myo-o Myō-ō], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Acala (as Fudō) is one of the especially important and well-known divinities in [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhism]], being especially venerated in the [[Shingon]], [[Tendai]], [[Zen]], and [[Nichiren]] sects, as well as in [[Shugendō]].

Acala has been worshiped throughout the Middle Ages and into modern times in Nepal, Tibet, China and Japan, where sculptural and pictorial representations of him are most often found.<ref name="murakami2" /><ref name="donaldson2" />