Editing Adamorobe Sign Language (section)

{{Short description|Village sign language of Ghana}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Adamorobe Sign Language
|nativename=''Mumu kasa''
|states=[[Ghana]]
|region=eastern Ghana, Adamorobe village
|speakers={{sigfig|41|1}} deaf
|date=2012
|ref=e18
|speakers2=Many of the 3,500 hearing villagers (2012) sign to varying degrees
|familycolor=sign
|family=[[Village sign language]], West African gestural area
|iso3=ads
|glotto=adam1238
|glottorefname=Adamorobe Sign Language
}}

'''Adamorobe Sign Language''' or '''AdaSL''' is a [[village sign language]] used in Adamorobe, an [[Akan (ethnic group)|Akan]] village in eastern [[Ghana]]. It is used by about 30 deaf and 1370 hearing people (2003).<ref name=nyst1>{{cite book
|last1=Nyst
|first1=Victoria
|last2=Baker
|first2=Anne
|date=2003
|chapter=The phonology of name signs: a comparison between the sign languages of Uganda, Mali, Adamorobe and The Netherlands
|editor1-last=Baker
|editor1-first=Anne
|editor2-last=van den Bogaerde
|editor2-first=Beppie
|editor3-last=Crasborn
|editor3-first=Otto 
|title=Cross-linguistic perspectives in sign language research: Selected papers from TISLR 2000
|location=Hamburg 
|publisher=Signum 
|pages=71–80
}}</ref><ref name=nyst2>{{cite conference
|last=Nyst
|first=Victoria
|date=2004
|title=Verb series of non-agentive motion in Adamorobe Sign Language (Ghana)
|conference=Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research 8, University of Barcelona, 1 October 2004
}}</ref> 

The Adamorobe community is notable for its unusually high incidence of hereditary deafness ([[Dominance (genetics)|genetic recessive]] [[autosome]]). As of 2012, about 1.1% of the total population is deaf, but the percentage was as high as 11% in 1961 before the local chief instituted a policy prohibiting deaf people to marry other deaf.<ref name=kusters>{{cite journal
|last=Kusters
|first=Annelies
|date=2012
|title="The Gong Gong Was Beaten"—Adamorobe: A "Deaf Village" in Ghana and its Marriage Prohibition for Deaf Partners
|journal=Sustainability
|volume=4
|issue=12
|pages=2765–2784
|doi=10.3390/su4102765
|doi-access=free
}}</ref> Deaf people are fully incorporated into the community.

Under these circumstances, AdaSL has developed as an indigenous sign language, fully independent from the country's standard [[Ghanaian Sign Language]] (which is related to [[American Sign Language]]). AdaSL is a shared sign language which differs from urban sign languages such as Ghanaian Sign Language because the majority of speakers of a shared sign language aren't actually deaf. National sign languages usually emerge for the purpose of use by deaf individuals such as those attending schools specifically for the deaf. This important feature of shared sign languages alters the way it is maintained, developed, and shared. A historical example of a shared signing community is the island [[Martha's Vineyard]] ([[Martha's Vineyard Sign Language]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kusters |first1=Annelies |title=Language ideologies in the shared signing community of Adamorobe |journal=Language in Society |date=April 2014 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=139–158 |doi=10.1017/S0047404514000013 |id={{ProQuest|1510382407}}}}</ref>

AdaSL shares signs and [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosodic features]] with some other sign languages in the region, such as [[Bura Sign Language]], but it has been suggested these similarities are due to [[Sprachbund|culturally shared]] gestures rather than a genetic relationship. AdaSL has features that set it apart from the sign languages of large deaf communities studied so far, including the absence of the type of [[classifier construction]] that expresses motion or location (sometimes called "entity classifiers"). Instead, AdaSL uses several types of [[serial verb]] constructions also found in the surrounding spoken language, Akan. Frishberg suggests that AdaSL may be related to the "gestural trade jargon used in the markets throughout West Africa".<ref>{{cite book|author=Nancy Frishberg|title=''Ghanaian Sign Language.'' In: Cleve, J. Van (ed.) Gallaudet encyclopaedia of deaf people and deafness. New York: McGraw-Gill Book Company|year=1987}}</ref> Thus AdaSL provides an interesting domain for research on cross-linguistic sign languages.

For over a decade, the deaf children of the village have attended a boarding school in [[Akuapim-Mampong|Mampong-Akuapem]], where the ASL based Ghanaian Sign Language is used. As a consequence, this language has become the first language of these children and their command of AdaSL is decreasing. This is likely to lead to a complete shift of the deaf community in Adamorobe to Ghanaian Sign Language. As such, AdaSL is an endangered sign language.