Editing Adverse effect (section)

{{short description|Harmful effect resulting from a medication or other medical intervention}}
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An '''adverse effect''' is an undesired harmful effect resulting from a [[Pharmaceutical drug|medication]] or other [[Surgery#Definitions|intervention]], such as [[surgery]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=I. Ralph|last2=Aronson|first2=Jeffrey K.|date=2000-10-07|title=Adverse drug reactions: definitions, diagnosis, and management|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(00)02799-9/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=356|issue=9237|pages=1255–1259|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02799-9|issn=0140-6736|pmid=11072960|s2cid=17662080|access-date=2021-06-01|archive-date=2012-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307095441/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(00)02799-9/abstract|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> An adverse effect may be termed a "[[side effect]]", when judged to be secondary to a main or [[therapeutic effect]]. The term [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] is similar to adverse effect, but the latter is typically used in pharmacological contexts, or when the negative effect is expected or common. If the negative effect results from an unsuitable or incorrect [[dose (biochemistry)|dosage]] or procedure, this is called a [[medical error]] and not an adverse effect. Adverse effects are sometimes referred to as "[[iatrogenesis|iatrogenic]]" because they are generated by a [[physician]]/treatment. Some adverse effects occur only when starting, increasing or discontinuing a treatment.
Using a drug or other medical intervention which is [[contraindication|contraindicated]] may increase the [[risk]] of adverse effects. Adverse effects may cause complications of a [[disease]] or procedure and negatively affect its [[prognosis]]. They may also lead to [[compliance (medicine)|non-compliance]] with a treatment regimen. Adverse effects of medical treatment resulted in 142,000 deaths in 2013 up from 94,000 deaths in 1990 globally.<ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | volume = 385 | issue = 9963 | pages = 117–71 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25530442 | pmc = 4340604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 | author1 = ((GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators)) }}</ref>

The harmful outcome is usually indicated by some result such as [[Disease|morbidity]], [[death|mortality]], alteration in [[body weight]], levels of [[enzyme]]s, loss of function, or as a [[pathology|pathological]] change detected at the microscopic, macroscopic or physiological level. It may also be indicated by [[symptom]]s reported by a patient. Adverse effects may cause a reversible or irreversible change, including an increase or decrease in the susceptibility of the individual to other chemicals, [[food]]s, or procedures, such as [[drug interaction]]s.