Editing Aggression (section)

{{Short description|Social interaction aiming at inflicting harm or unpleasantness}}
{{Redirect2|Aggressive|Aggressive behavior|other uses|Aggressive (disambiguation)|and|Aggression (disambiguation)|and|Aggressive Behavior (journal)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Agression contre Fallières - détail (Petit Parisien illustré, 1909-01-10).jpeg|upright|thumb|Depiction of French President [[Armand Fallieres]]'s assault by a waiter named Jean Mattis]]
[[File:Panthera tigris altaica 28 - Buffalo Zoo (1).jpg|thumb|upright|Many mammals, such as the [[tiger]], bare their teeth as a sign of aggression—a form of [[aposematism]]. ]]
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'''Aggression''' is behavior aimed at opposing or attacking something or someone. Though often done with the intent to cause harm, some might channel it into creative and practical outlets.<ref>Maremmani I., Avella M.T., Novi M., Bacciardi S., Maremmani A.G.I. Aggressive Behavior and Substance Use Disorder: The Heroin Use Disorder as a Case Study.   ''Addict. Disord. Treat..'' 2020;19(3):161-173. doi:10.1097/ADT.0000000000000199</ref> It may occur either reactively or without provocation. In humans, aggression can be caused by various triggers. For example, built-up [[frustration]] due to blocked goals or perceived disrespect.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=DeBono|first1=Amber|last2=Muraven|first2=Mark|date=1 November 2014|title=Rejection perceptions: feeling disrespected leads to greater aggression than feeling disliked|journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|volume=55|pages=43–52|doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2014.05.014|issn=0022-1031}}</ref> Human aggression can be classified into direct and indirect aggression; while the former is characterized by physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm to someone, the latter is characterized by behavior intended to harm the social relations of an individual or group.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.053 |pmid=25749197 |title=Behavioural, hormonal and neurobiological mechanisms of aggressive behaviour in human and nonhuman primates |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=143 |pages=121–35 |year=2015 |last1=De Almeida |first1=Rosa Maria Martins |last2=Cabral |first2=João Carlos Centurion |last3=Narvaes |first3=Rodrigo |s2cid=27711931 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Miczek|first1=Klaus A.|last2=Almeida|first2=Rosa M. M. de|last3=Kravitz|first3=Edward A.|last4=Rissman|first4=Emilie F.|last5=Boer|first5=Sietse F. de|last6=Raine|first6=Adrian|date=31 October 2007|title=Neurobiology of Escalated Aggression and Violence|journal=Journal of Neuroscience|language=en|volume=27|issue=44|pages=11803–11806 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3500-07.2007|issn=0270-6474|pmid=17978016|pmc=2667097}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rcn.org.uk/magazines/Advice/2022/October/Microaggressions-calling-out-racism-in-the-workplace|title=Micro refers to its subtle delivery not its impact|quote=Microaggressions are something that somebody says to you; they can be a way that you've been made to feel. They are often subtle behaviours, but their effects are far from subtle |first=Lorna |last=Hollowood|year=2022|publisher=[[Royal College of Nursing]]|website=rcn.org.uk}}</ref>

In definitions commonly used in the [[social sciences]] and [[behavioral science]]s, aggression is an action or response by an individual that delivers something unpleasant to another person.<ref>Buss, A. H. (1961). The psychology of aggression. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.{{page needed|date=February 2017}}</ref> Some definitions include that the individual must intend to harm another person.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231 |pmid=11752478 |title=Human Aggression |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=53 |pages=27–51 |year=2002 |last1=Anderson |first1=Craig A. |last2=Bushman |first2=Brad J. |s2cid=227846 }}</ref>

In an interdisciplinary perspective, aggression is regarded as "an ensemble of mechanism formed during the course of evolution in order to assert oneself, relatives, or friends against others, to gain or to defend resources (ultimate causes) by harmful damaging means. These mechanisms are often motivated by emotions like fear, frustration, anger, feelings of stress, dominance or pleasure (proximate causes). Sometimes aggressive behavior serves as a stress relief or a subjective feeling of power."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wahl|first=Klaus|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1126278982|title=The Radical Right. Biopsychosocial Roots and International Variations|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2020|isbn=978-3-030-25130-7|location=London|pages=47|oclc=1126278982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wahl|first=Klaus|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/471933605|title=Aggression und Gewalt. Ein biologischer, psychologischer und sozialwissenschaftlicher Überblick|publisher=Spektrum Akademischer Verlag|year=2013|isbn=978-3-8274-3120-2|location=Heidelberg|pages=2|oclc=471933605}}</ref> [[predation|Predatory]] or defensive behavior between members of different species may not be considered aggression in the same sense.

Aggression can take a variety of forms, which may be expressed physically, or communicated [[Verbal aggressiveness|verbally]] or non-verbally, including: anti-predator aggression, defensive aggression (fear-induced), predatory aggression, dominance aggression, inter-male aggression, resident-intruder aggression, maternal aggression, species-specific aggression, sex-related aggression, territorial aggression, isolation-induced aggression, irritable aggression, and brain-stimulation-induced aggression (hypothalamus). There are two subtypes of human aggression: (1) controlled-instrumental subtype (purposeful or goal-oriented); and (2) reactive-impulsive subtype (often elicits uncontrollable actions that are inappropriate or undesirable). Aggression differs from what is commonly called [[assertiveness]], although the terms are often used interchangeably among laypeople (as in phrases such as "an aggressive salesperson").<ref>Akert, R.M., Aronson, E., & Wilson, T.D. (2010). Social Psychology (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.</ref>
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