Editing Almohad Caliphate (section)

{{Short description|1121–1269 Berber empire in North Africa and Iberia}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = {{native name|ar|ٱلْمُوَحِّدُونَ}}<br />{{small|{{transliteration|ar|al-Muwaḥḥidūn}}}}
| conventional_long_name = Almohad Caliphate
| common_name            = Almohads
| status                 = [[Caliphate]]
| year_start             = 1121
| year_end               = 1269
| event1                 = Almoravids overthrown
| date_event1            = 1147
| event2                 = [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]]
| date_event2            = 1212
| event3                 = Marinid suzerainty
| date_event3            = 1248
| p1                     = Almoravid dynasty
| border_p1              = no
| p2                     = Hammadid kingdom
| p3                     = Second Taifas period
| p4                     = Kingdom of Africa
| p5                     = Khurasanid dynasty
| p6                     = Banu Ghaniya
| s1                     = Marinid Sultanate
| s2                     = Hafsid dynasty{{!}}Hafsid Sultanate
| s3                     = Kingdom of Tlemcen
| s4                     = Third Taifas period
| s5                     = Kingdom of Castile
| s6                     = Kingdom of Aragon
| s7                     = Kingdom of Majorca
| s8                     = Kingdom of Portugal
| s9                     = Kingdom of León
| s10                    = Emirate of Granada
| border_s2              = no
| border_s5              = no
| border_s6              = no
| border_s9              = no
| border_s10             = no
| image_coat             = 
| symbol_type            = 
| image_map              = Almohad dynasty of Morocco-en.svg
| image_map_caption      = The Almohad empire at its greatest extent, c. 1180–1212<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_carte.php?carte=carte-05&lang=en|title=Qantara|access-date=2013-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611222631/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_carte.php?carte=carte-05&lang=en|archive-date=2016-06-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_carte.php?carte=carte-06&lang=en|title=Qantara|access-date=2013-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611222646/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_carte.php?carte=carte-06&lang=en|archive-date=2016-06-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| common_languages       = [[Berber languages]], [[Arabic]], [[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic]]
| religion               = [[Islam]] {{small|([[Almohadism]])}}
| capital                = {{plainlist|
* [[Tinmel]]<br />{{small|({{circa|1124}}–1147)}}
* [[Marrakesh]]<br />{{small|(1147–1269)}}
In Al-Andalus:
* [[Seville]]<br />{{small|(1147–1162)}}
* [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]<br />{{small|(1162–1163)}}
* [[Seville]]<br />{{small|(1163–1248)}}<ref>''Le Moyen Âge, XIe–XVe siècle'', par [[Michel Kaplan]] & [[Patrick Boucheron]]. p. 213, Ed. Breal 1994 ({{ISBN|2-85394-732-7}})[https://books.google.com/books?id=RP-bn29KCB8C&pg=PA213]</ref>}}
| title_leader           = [[Mahdi]]
| leader1                = [[Ibn Tumart]]
| year_leader1           = 1121–1130
| title_representative   = [[Caliph]]
| representative1        = [[Abd al-Mu'min]]
| year_representative1   = 1130–1163 (first)
| representative2        = [[Idris al-Wathiq]]
| year_representative2   = 1266–1269 (last)
| stat_year1             = 1150 est.
(high-end estimate of peak area)
| stat_area1             = 2300000
| ref_area1              = <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|date=September 1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=41|issue=3|pages=475–504|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|jstor=2600793|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| stat_year2             = 1200 est.
(Low-end estimate of peak area)
| stat_area2             = 2000000
| ref_area2              = <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D | title = East-West Orientation of Historical Empires | journal = Journal of World-Systems Research|date=December 2006 |volume=12|issue=2 |page=222 |issn= 1076-156X|doi=10.5195/JWSR.2006.369|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="OxfordArea">{{Cite book|last1=Bang|first1=Peter Fibiger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|last2=Bayly|first2=C. A.|last3=Scheidel|first3=Walter|year=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|pages=92–94|language=en}}</ref>
| currency               = [[Gold dinar|Dinar]]<ref>{{in lang|fr}} P. Buresi, ''La frontière entre chrétienté et islam dans la péninsule Ibérique'', pp. 101–102. Ed. Publibook 2004 ({{ISBN|978-2-7483-0644-6}})</ref>
| demonym                = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
| today                  = 
}}
<!---{{History of Algeria}}
{{History of Morocco}}
{{History of Tunisia}}
{{Caliphate|Contender}} Can we please have these somehow collapsed?--->

The '''Almohad Caliphate''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|m|ə|h|æ|d}}; {{langx|ar|خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ}} or {{lang|ar|دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ}} or {{lang|ar|ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ}} from {{langx|ar|ٱلْمُوَحِّدُونَ|translit=al-Muwaḥḥidūn|lit=those who profess the [[Tawhid|unity of God]]}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of ALMOHAD|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Almohad|access-date=2021-01-09|website=www.merriam-webster.com}}
* {{Cite web|title=Almohad definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/almohad|access-date=2021-01-09|website=www.collinsdictionary.com}}</ref>{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=246}}) or '''Almohad Empire''' was a North African [[Berbers|Berber]] Muslim empire founded in the 12th century. At its height, it controlled much of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] ([[Al-Andalus]]) and [[North Africa]] (the [[Maghreb]]).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Almohads {{!}} Berber confederation|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Almohads|access-date=2021-05-05|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref name="BoweringCrone2013">{{cite book|author1=Gerhard Bowering|author2=Patricia Crone|author3=Mahan Mirza|author4=Wadad Kadi |author5=Muhammad Qasim Zaman |author6=Devin J. Stewart|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA34|year=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13484-0|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Oxford Bibliographies 2020">{{cite web | title=Almohads – Islamic Studies | website=Oxford Bibliographies | date=6 Jan 2020 | url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0217.xml | access-date=11 Feb 2020}}</ref>

The Almohad movement was founded by [[Ibn Tumart]] among the Berber [[Masmuda]] tribes, but the Almohad caliphate and its ruling dynasty, known as the '''Mu'minid dynasty''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naylor |first=Phillip C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rN-EBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |title=North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present |date=2015 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-76190-2 |pages=97 |language=en |trans-title=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNGAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA285 |title=Messianism and Sociopolitical Revolution in Medieval Islam |date=2022 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-38759-1 |pages=285 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bowering |first1=Gerhard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA34 |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |last2=Crone |first2=Patricia |last3=Mirza |first3=Mahan |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13484-0 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Harvsp|Julien|1970|p=108}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=السلاوي |first=أبي العباس شهاب الدين أحمد/الدرعي |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLN0DwAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86&pg=PT242 |title=الاستقصا لأخبار دول المغرب الأقصى 1-3 ج1 |date=2014 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية |isbn=978-2-7451-5495-8 |pages=243 |language=ar |trans-title=Survey of the news of the countries of the Far Maghreb 1-3 Part 1}}</ref> were founded after his death by [[Abd al-Mu'min]].{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=|pp=87, 94, and others}}{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=|pp=58 and after}}<ref name=":0522">{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=J.F.P. |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/ibn-tumart-SIM_3078 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |year=1986 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |volume=3 |location= |pages=958–960 |chapter=Ibn Tūmart |orig-date=1971 |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C.E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W.P.}}</ref><ref name=":052">{{Cite book |last=Lévi-Provençal |first=Évariste |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/abd-al-mumin-SIM_0109 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |year=1986 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |volume=1 |location= |pages=78–80 |chapter='Abd al- Mu'min |orig-date=1960 |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C.E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W.P.}}
* {{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xowm255qOzQC&pg=PA180 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52069-0 |editor-last=Adamson |editor-first=Peter |language=en |editor-last2=Taylor |editor-first2=Richard C.}}</ref> Around 1121, Ibn Tumart was recognized by his followers as the [[Mahdi]], and shortly afterwards he established his base at [[Tinmel]] in the [[Atlas Mountains]].{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|pp=67, 339}} Under Abd al-Mu'min (r. 1130–1163), they succeeded in overthrowing the ruling [[Almoravid dynasty]] governing the western Maghreb in 1147, when he conquered [[Marrakesh]] and declared himself [[caliph]]. They then extended their power over all of the [[Maghreb]] by 1159. Al-Andalus followed, and all of Muslim [[Iberia]] was under Almohad rule by 1172.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buresi |first1=Pascal |first2=Hicham |last2=El Aallaoui |title=Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224–1269) |series=Studies in the History and Society of the Maghrib |volume=3 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl5_--mK8q4C |isbn=978-90-04-23333-1 }}</ref>

The turning point of their presence in the Iberian Peninsula came in 1212, when [[Muhammad al-Nasir]] (1199–1214) was defeated at the [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]] in the [[Sierra Morena]] by an alliance of the Christian forces from [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] and [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]]. Much of the remaining territories of al-Andalus were lost in the ensuing decades, with the cities of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] and [[Seville]] falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively.

The Almohads continued to rule in Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the [[Marinid]]s in 1215. The last representative of the line, [[Idris al-Wathiq]], was reduced to the possession of Marrakesh, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269; the Marinids seized Marrakesh, ending the Almohad domination of the Western Maghreb.