Editing An Essay on Man (section)

{{Short description|Poem by Alexander Pope}}
[[File:Jonathan Richardson the Elder - Alexander Pope - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[Alexander Pope]] published ''An Essay on Man'' in 1734.]]

"'''An Essay on Man'''" is a poem published by [[Alexander Pope]] in [[1733 in poetry|1733–1734]]. It was dedicated to [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke]] (pronounced 'Bull-en-brook'), hence the opening line: "Awake, my St John...".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pope |first= Alexander|year=1733 |title= An Essay on Man; In Epistles to a Friend (Epistle II)|publisher= Printed for J. Wilford |place=London |edition=1st |url= https://archive.org/details/b3054466x |page=[https://archive.org/details/b3054466x/page/n4 1] |quote=editions:qK21Rd0o9lcC. |access-date=21 May 2015}} via Google Books</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pope |first= Alexander|year=1733 |title= An Essay on Man; In Epistles to a Friend (Epistle III)|publisher= Printed for J. Wilford |place=London |edition=1st |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GSIUAAAAQAAJ&q=editions%3AqK21Rd0o9lcC&pg=PA37 |access-date=21 May 2015}} via Google books</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pope |first= Alexander|year=1734 |title= An Essay on Man; In Epistles to a Friend (Epistle IV)|publisher= Printed for J. Wilford |place=London |edition= 1st |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HCIUAAAAQAAJ&q=editions%3AqK21Rd0o9lcC&pg=PA57|access-date=21 May 2015}} via Google books</ref>  It is an effort to rationalize or rather "vindicate the ways of God to man" (l.16), a variation of [[John Milton]]'s claim in the opening lines of ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', that he will "justifie the wayes of God to men" (1.26).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Milton|first=John|title=Paradise Lost|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20/pg20-images.html.utf8|access-date=2021-11-10|publisher=www.gutenberg.org |language=en}}</ref> It is concerned with the natural order God has decreed for man. Because man cannot know God's purposes, he cannot complain about his position in the [[great chain of being]] (ll.33–34) and must accept that "Whatever is, is right" (l.292), a theme that was satirized by [[Voltaire]] in ''[[Candide]]'' (1759).<ref>[http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=0300106556 Candide, or Optimism]. Review of the Burton Raffel translation by [[Yale]] University Press.</ref> More than any other work, it popularized [[optimistic philosophy]] throughout England and the rest of Europe.

Pope's ''Essay on Man'' and ''Moral Epistles'' were designed to be the parts of a system of ethics which he wanted to express in poetry. ''Moral Epistles'' has been known under various other names including ''Ethic Epistles'' and ''[[Moral Essays]]''.

On its publication, ''An Essay on Man'' received great admiration throughout Europe. Voltaire called it "the most beautiful, the most useful, the most sublime didactic poem ever written in any language".<ref>Voltaire, ''Lettres Philosophiques'', amended 1756 edition, cited in the Appendix (p. 147) of ''Philosophical Letters (Letters Concerning the English Nation)'', Courier Dover Publications 2003, {{ISBN|0486426734}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iMZCfejJg9EC&lpg=PA147 accessed on Google Books 2014-02-12]</ref> In 1756, [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]] wrote to Voltaire admiring the poem and saying that it "softens my ills and brings me patience". [[Kant]] was fond of the poem and would recite long passages from it to his students.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=klqFEFXnk0wC Harry M Solomon: ''The rape of the text: reading and misreading Pope's Essay on man''] on Google Books</ref>

Later, however, Voltaire renounced his admiration for Pope's and [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]]'s optimism and even wrote a novel, ''Candide'', as a satire on their philosophy of ethics. Rousseau also critiqued the work, questioning "Pope's uncritical assumption that there must be an unbroken chain of being all the way from inanimate matter up to God".<ref>{{cite book|title=Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Restless Genius|url=https://archive.org/details/jeanjacquesrouss00leod|url-access=registration|author=Leo Damrosch|publisher=HOughton Mifflin Company|year=2005}}</ref>

The essay, written in [[heroic couplets]], comprises four epistles. Pope began work on it in 1729, and had finished the first three by 1731. They appeared in early 1733, with the fourth epistle published the following year. The poem was originally published anonymously; Pope did not admit authorship until [[1735 in poetry|1735]].

Pope reveals in his introductory statement, "The Design", that ''An Essay on Man'' was originally conceived as part of a longer philosophical poem which would have been expanded on through four separate books. According to his friend and editor, [[William Warburton]], Pope intended to structure the work as follows:

The four epistles which had already been published would have comprised the first book. The second book was to contain another set of epistles, which in contrast to the first book would focus on subjects such as human reason, the practical and impractical aspects of varied arts and sciences, human talent, the use of learning, the science of the world, and wit, together with "a satire against the misapplication" of those same disciplines. The third book would discuss politics and religion, while the fourth book was concerned with "private ethics" or "practical morality". The following passage, taken from the first two paragraphs of the opening verse of the second epistle, is often quoted by those familiar with Pope's work, as it neatly summarizes some of the religious and humanistic tenets of the poem:

{{poemquote|
Know then thyself, presume not God to scan;
The proper study of Mankind is Man.<ref>In the first edition, this line reads "The only Science of Mankind is ''Man''."</ref>
Plac'd on this isthmus of a middle state,
A being darkly wise, and rudely great:
With too much knowledge for the Sceptic side,
With too much weakness for the Stoic's pride,
He hangs between; in doubt to act, or rest,
In doubt to deem himself a God, or Beast;
In doubt his Mind or Body to prefer,
Born but to die, and reas'ning but to err;
Alike in ignorance, his reason such,
Whether he thinks too little, or too much:
Chaos of Thought and Passion, all confus'd;
Still by himself, abus'd, or disabus'd;
Created half to rise, and half to fall;
Great lord of all things, yet a prey to all;
Sole judge of Truth, in endless Error hurl'd:
The glory, jest, and riddle of the world!
    Go, wond'rous creature! mount where Science guides,
Go, measure earth, weigh air, and state the tides;
Instruct the planets in what orbs to run,
Correct old Time, and regulate the Sun;
Go, soar with Plato to th' empyreal sphere,
To the first good, first perfect, and first fair;
Or tread the mazy round his follow'rs trod,
And quitting sense call imitating God;
As Eastern priests in giddy circles run,
And turn their heads to imitate the Sun.
Go, teach Eternal Wisdom how to rule—
Then drop into thyself, and be a fool!<ref>{{cite book |last=Pope |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Pope |editor-last=Butt |editor-first=John |title=The Poems of Alexander Pope |edition=a one-volume edition of the Twickenham text |date=1963 |publisher=Yale University Press |oclc=855720858 |isbn=0300003404 |url=https://archive.org/details/poemsofalexander00pope |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/poemsofalexander00pope/page/516 516]-517}}</ref>
|source=Epistle II, lines 1–30}}

In the above example, Pope's thesis is that man has learnt about nature and God's creation through science; consequently, science has given man power, but having become intoxicated by this power, man has begun to think that he is "imitating God". In response, Pope declares the species of man to be a "fool", absent of knowledge and plagued by "ignorance" in spite of all the progress achieved through science. Pope argues that humanity should make a study of itself, and not debase the spiritual essence of the world with earthly science, since the two are diametrically opposed to one another: man should "presume not God to scan".