Editing Angiogenesis (section)

{{Short description|Blood vessel formation, when new vessels emerge from existing vessels}}
{{Distinguish|vasculogenesis}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Infobox embryology
|Name = Angiogenesis
|Latin =
|Image = Angiogenesis.png
|Caption = Angiogenesis following vasculogenesis
}}
[[File:Angiogenesis medical animation still.jpg|thumb|263x263px|3D medical animation still showing angiogenesis]]
'''Angiogenesis''' is the physiological process through which new [[blood vessel]]s form from pre-existing vessels,<ref name="Santulli_2013">{{cite book | veditors = Santulli G | title=Angiogenesis insights from a systematic overview | publisher=Nova Science | location=New York | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-62618-114-4 }}</ref><ref name="Dudley_2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dudley AC, Griffioen AW | title = Pathological angiogenesis: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies | journal = Angiogenesis | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–347 | date = August 2023 | pmid = 37060495 | pmc = 10105163 | doi = 10.1007/s10456-023-09876-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Olson JD, Mintz A, Delbono O | title = Type-2 pericytes participate in normal and tumoral angiogenesis | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology | volume = 307 | issue = 1 | pages = C25–C38 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24788248 | pmc = 4080181 | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.00084.2014 }}</ref> formed in the earlier stage of [[vasculogenesis]]. Angiogenesis continues the growth of the [[circulatory system|vasculature]] mainly by processes of sprouting and splitting, but processes such as [[coalescent angiogenesis]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nitzsche B, Rong WW, Goede A, Hoffmann B, Scarpa F, Kuebler WM, Secomb TW, Pries AR | display-authors = 6 | title = Coalescent angiogenesis-evidence for a novel concept of vascular network maturation | journal = Angiogenesis | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–45 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 34905124 | doi = 10.1007/s10456-021-09824-3 | pmc = 8669669 }}</ref> vessel elongation and vessel cooption also play a role.<ref name="Dudley_2023"/> Vasculogenesis is the [[embryogenesis|embryonic]] formation of [[endothelium|endothelial]] cells from [[mesoderm]] cell precursors,<ref name="Risau">{{cite journal | vauthors = Risau W, Flamme I | title = Vasculogenesis | journal = Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology | volume = 11 | pages = 73–91 | year = 1995 | pmid = 8689573 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.000445 }}</ref> and from [[neovascularization]], although discussions are not always precise (especially in older texts). The first vessels in the developing [[embryo]] form through vasculogenesis, after which angiogenesis is responsible for most, if not all, blood vessel growth during [[embryogenesis|development]] and in disease.<ref name="Flamme">{{cite journal | vauthors = Flamme I, Frölich T, Risau W | title = Molecular mechanisms of vasculogenesis and embryonic angiogenesis | journal = Journal of Cellular Physiology | volume = 173 | issue = 2 | pages = 206–210 | date = November 1997 | pmid = 9365523 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199711)173:2<206::AID-JCP22>3.0.CO;2-C | s2cid = 36723610 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arrabi |first1=Nooshin  |last2=Torabi |first2=Mohhamadreza |last3=Fassihi |first3=Afshin |last4=Ghasemi |first4=Fahimeh |title=Identification of potential vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors via tree-based learning modeling and molecular docking simulation |journal=Chemometrics |date=2024 |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi= 10.1002/cem.3545 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torabi |first1=Mohhamadreza  |last2=Yasami-Khiabani |first2=Setayesh  |last3=Sardari |first3=Soroush |last4=Ghasemi |first4=Fahimeh |title=Identification of new potential candidates to inhibit EGF via machine learning algorithm |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology|date=2024 |language=en |volume=963 |issue=15 |pages=9759–9815 |doi= 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176176 |pmid=38000720 }}</ref>

Angiogenesis is a normal and vital process in growth and development, as well as in [[wound healing]] and in the formation of [[granulation tissue]]. However, it is also a fundamental step in the transition of [[tumor]]s from a benign state to a [[malignant]] one, leading to the use of [[angiogenesis inhibitor]]s in the treatment of [[cancer]].<ref name="Milosevic_2022">{{cite book | vauthors = Milosevic V, Edelmann RJ, Fosse JH, Östman A, Akslen LA | chapter = Molecular Phenotypes of Endothelial Cells in Malignant Tumors |date=2022 | veditors = Akslen LA, Watnick RS | title =Biomarkers of the Tumor Microenvironment |pages=31–52 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-98950-7_3 |isbn=978-3-030-98950-7 }}</ref> The essential role of angiogenesis in tumor growth was first proposed in 1971 by [[Judah Folkman]], who described tumors as "hot and bloody,"<ref name="Penn2008">{{cite book| vauthors = Penn JS |title=Retinal and Choroidal Angiogenesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-26TIIROYwC&pg=PA119|access-date=26 June 2010|date=11 March 2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-6779-2|pages=119–}}</ref> illustrating that, at least for many tumor types, flush [[perfusion]] and even [[hyperaemia|hyperemia]] are characteristic.