Editing Angola (section)

{{Short description|Country on the west coast of Southern Africa}}
{{about|the modern country since 1992|the former state from 1975 to 1992|People's Republic of Angola|other uses}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Angola
| common_name            = Angola
| native_name            = {{native name|pt|República de Angola}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Angola.svg<!-- DO NOT ADD the proposed flag; you WILL be reverted and warned! -->
| image_coat             = Emblem of Angola.svg
| symbol_type            = Emblem
| national_motto         = {{vunblist|{{native phrase|la|Virtus Unita Fortior|italics=on|nolink=on}}|({{langx|en|"Virtue is stronger when united"}})}}
| national_anthem        = "[[Angola Avante]]"<br />({{Langx|en|"Onwards Angola"}})[[File:Angolan-National-Anthem-_US-Navy-Band.ogg]]
| image_map              = {{Switcher|[[File:Angola (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Angola AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|[[File:Angola - Location Map (2013) - AGO - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Angola|default=1}}
| map_caption            = Major cities of Angola
| capital                = [[Luanda]]
| religion               = {{ublist |item_style=white-space;
  |92.9% [[Christianity]]
  |5.1% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]
  |1.2% [[Irreligion|no religion]]
  |0.8% [[Religion in Angola|other]]
  }}
| religion_year          = 2020
| religion_ref           = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola: Major World Religions (1900–2050) |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=7c |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=[[The Association of Religion Data Archives]] |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005214402/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=7c |url-status=live }}</ref>
| coordinates            = {{Coord|8|50|S|13|20|E|type:city}}
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = [[Angolan Portuguese|Portuguese]]
| languages2_type        = National Languages
| languages2             = [[Chokwe language|Chokwe]], [[Kimbundu]], [[Kongo language|Kikongo]], [[Ovambo language|Oshiwambo]], [[Luchazi]], [[Umbundu]]
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
| 37% [[Ovimbundu]]
| 25% [[Ambundu]]
| 13% [[Kongo people|Bakongo]]
| 21% other African
| 2% [[Mestiço]] (mixed European and African)
| 2% [[Asian people|Asian]]
| 1% [[White Angolans|European]]}}
| ethnic_groups_ref      = <ref>{{cite web|title=Main ethnic groups in Angola 2021|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1202261/share-of-ethnic-groups-in-angola/|website=Statista|access-date=10 March 2023|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310222030/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1202261/share-of-ethnic-groups-in-angola/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2021
| demonym                = [[Demographics of Angola|Angolan]]
| government_type        = Unitary [[Dominant party system|dominant-party]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Angola Country Report 2024 |url= https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/AGO |access-date= 2025-01-23 |publisher= Bertelsmann Transformation Index |language= en |quote= Angola formally operates as a multiparty democracy, but in practice, it functions as a dominant-party regime... |archive-date= 29 January 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250129135453/https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/AGO |url-status= live }}</ref> [[presidential republic]]
| leader_title1          = [[President of Angola|President]]
| leader_name1           = [[João Lourenço]]
| leader_title2          = [[Vice President of Angola|Vice President]]
| leader_name2           = [[Esperança da Costa]]<ref name="RNA 15-9-22">[https://rna.ao/rna.ao/2022/09/15/investidura-do-presidente-da-republica/ Investidura do Presidente da República] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527225337/https://rna.ao/rna.ao/2022/09/15/investidura-do-presidente-da-republica/ |date=27 May 2023 }}. Rádio Nacional de Angola. 15 September 2022.</ref>
| legislature            = [[National Assembly (Angola)|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type       = [[History of Angola|Formation]]
| established_event1     = [[Angolan War of Independence|Independence]] from [[Portugal]], under [[People's Republic of Angola|Communist rule]]
| established_date1      = 11 November 1975
| established_event2     = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 397|United Nations full membership]]
| established_date2      = 22 November 1976
| established_event3     = [[Constitution of Angola|Current constitution]]
| established_date3      = 21 January 2010
| area_km2               = 1246700
| area_rank              = 22nd
| area_sq_mi             = 481354
| percent_water          = negligible
| population_estimate    = {{Increase}} 37,290,193<ref name=CIA>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Angola|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 41st
| population_density_km2 = 24.97
| population_density_sq_mi = 64.65
| population_density_rank = 157th
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $260.323 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=614,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Angola) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018225801/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=614,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 62nd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $7,077<ref name="IMFWEO.AO" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 129th
| GDP_nominal            = {{decrease}} $93.796	billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AO" />
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 61st
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $2,432<ref name="IMFWEO.AO" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 125th
| Gini                   = 51.3
| Gini_year              = 2018
| Gini_ref               = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title=Gini index |access-date=22 March 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204170607/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI                    = 0.616<!-- number only -->
| HDI_year               = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year -->
| HDI_change             = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| HDI_ref                = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank               = 148th
| currency               = [[Angolan kwanza]]
| currency_code          = AOA
| time_zone              = [[West Africa Time|WAT]]
| utc_offset             = +1
| drives_on              = Right
| calling_code           = [[Telephone numbers in Angola|+244]]
| cctld                  = [[.ao]]
}}

'''Angola''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Angola-pronunciation.ogg|æ|n|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|l|ə}} {{respell|an|GOH|lə}}; {{IPA|pt|ɐ̃ˈɡɔlɐ|lang}}; {{langx|kg|Ngola}}, {{IPA|kg|ŋɔla|pron}}}} officially the '''Republic of Angola''',{{efn|{{langx|pt|República de Angola}}}} is a country on the west-[[Central Africa|central]] coast of [[Southern Africa]]. It is the second-largest [[Portuguese-speaking world|Portuguese-speaking]] (Lusophone) country in both total area and [[List of countries and dependencies by population|population]] and is the [[List of African countries by area|seventh-largest]] country in [[Africa]]. It is bordered by [[Namibia]] to the south, the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the north, [[Zambia]] to the east, and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west. Angola has an [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]] province, the province of [[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]], that borders the [[Republic of the Congo]] and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and most populous city is [[Luanda]].

Angola has been inhabited since the [[Paleolithic|Paleolithic Age]]. After the [[Bantu expansion]] reached the region, states were formed by the 13th century and organised into confederations. The [[Kingdom of Kongo]] ascended to achieve [[hegemony]] among the other kingdoms from the 14th century. Portuguese explorers established relations with Kongo in 1483. To the south were the kingdoms of [[Ndongo]] and [[Matamba]], with the [[Ovimbundu]] kingdoms further south, and the [[Mbunda Kingdom]] in the east.<ref>{{Citation |last=Gordon |first=David M. |title=Kingdoms of South-Central Africa: Sources, Historiography, and History |date=2018-09-26 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-146 |access-date=2024-10-22 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.146 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |doi-access=free |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216001444/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-146 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540 |date=2020 |work=A History of West Central Africa to 1850 |pages=16–55 |editor-last=Thornton |editor-first=John K. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-west-central-africa-to-1850/development-of-states-in-west-central-africa-to-1540/CE71122CF8DFD7B4B188BA34F8F65BFC |access-date=2024-10-22 |series=New Approaches to African History |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-56593-7 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008080246/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-west-central-africa-to-1850/development-of-states-in-west-central-africa-to-1540/CE71122CF8DFD7B4B188BA34F8F65BFC |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Portuguese began [[Colonization of Angola|colonising the coast]] in the 16th century. Kongo fought three wars against the Portuguese, ending in the Portuguese conquest of Ndongo. The banning of the slave trade in the 19th century severely disrupted Kongo's [[Economic diversification|undiversified]] economic system and European settlers gradually began to establish their presence in the interior of the region. The [[Portuguese Angola|Portuguese colony]] that became Angola did not achieve its present borders until the early 20th century and experienced strong resistance from native groups such as the Cuamato, the [[Oukwanyama|Kwanyama]], and the [[Mbunda people|Mbunda]].

After a protracted [[Angolan War of Independence|anti-colonial struggle]] (1961–1974), Angola achieved independence in 1975 as a [[People's Republic of Angola|one-party Republic]], but the country descended into a devastating [[Angolan Civil War|civil war]] the same year, between the ruling [[MPLA|People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola]] (MPLA), backed by the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Cuba]]; the insurgent [[UNITA|National Union for the Total Independence of Angola]], an originally [[Maoism|Maoist]] and later anti-communist group supported by the [[United States]] and [[South Africa]]; the militant organization [[National Liberation Front of Angola]], backed by [[Zaire]]; and the [[Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda]] seeking the independence of the [[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]] exclave, also backed by Zaire.

Since the end of the civil war in 2002, Angola has emerged as a relatively stable [[constitutional republic]], and its economy is among the fastest-growing in the world, with [[China]], the [[European Union]], and the United States being the country's largest investment and trade partners.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Transparency and Accountability in Angola |date=13 April 2010 |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/04/13/transparency-and-accountability-angola |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006051053/http://www.hrw.org/report/2010/04/13/transparency-and-accountability-angola |archive-date=6 October 2015 |url-status=live |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Foreign import trade partners of Angola (2021) |url=https://oec.world/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/import/ago/show/all/2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229205737/https://oec.world/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/import/ago/show/all/2021 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Foreign export trade partners of Angola (2021) |url=https://oec.world/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/export/ago/show/all/2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229205736/https://oec.world/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/export/ago/show/all/2021 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity}}</ref> However, the economic growth is highly uneven, with most of the nation's [[Distribution of wealth#Wealth concentration|wealth concentrated]] in a disproportionately small part of the population as most Angolans have a low [[standard of living]]; [[life expectancy]] is among the [[List of countries by life expectancy|lowest in the world]], while [[infant mortality]] is [[List of countries by infant and under-five mortality rates|among the highest]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web |year=2014 |title=Life expectancy at birth |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120024054/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=4 March 2010 |work=World Fact Book |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref>

Angola is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[African Union]], the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]], and the [[Southern African Development Community]]. {{As of|2023}}, the Angolan population is estimated at 37.2 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola Population (2024) – Worldometer |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/angola-population/#google_vignette |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=worldometers.info|archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115214528/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/angola-population/#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Culture of Angola|Angolan culture]] reflects centuries of Portuguese influence, namely the predominance of the [[Portuguese language]] and of the [[Catholic Church]], intermingled with a variety of indigenous customs and traditions.