Editing Anti-Americanism (section)

{{Short description|Dislike of the United States and Americans}}
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{{Use American English|date = October 2019}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}[[File:13 Aban (3).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Protesters set fire to [[Flag of the United States|American flag]], [[Flag of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia flag]] and [[Flag of Israel|Israel flag]] in [[Iran]] on November 4, 2015.]]
[[File:DPRK Museum painting 1.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|An Anti-American mural on display for [[Propaganda in North Korea|propaganda]] purposes at the Museum of [[Sinchon Museum of American War Atrocities]] in [[North Korea]] depicts what the [[Government of North Korea|North Korean government]] claims is the torture of a North Korean woman by [[United States Army|American soldiers]] during the [[Korean War]].]] 
                                                                                                                 
'''Anti-Americanism''' (also called '''anti-American sentiment''' and '''Americanophobia''') is a term that can describe several sentiments and positions including opposition to, fear of, distrust of, prejudice against or hatred toward the [[United States]], its [[Federal government of the United States|government]], its [[Foreign policy of the United States|foreign policy]], or [[Americans]] in general.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chiozza |first=Giacomo |title=Anti-Americanism and the World Order |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, Maryland |date=2009}}</ref> Anti-Americanism can be contrasted with [[pro-Americanism]], which refers to support, love, or admiration for the United States.

Political scientist Brendon O'Connor at the [[United States Studies Centre]] in [[Australia]] suggests that "anti-Americanism" cannot be isolated as a consistent phenomenon, since the term originated as a rough composite of [[stereotype]]s, [[prejudice]]s, and criticisms which evolved into more politically-based criticisms. French scholar Marie-France Toinet says that use of the term "anti-Americanism" is "only fully justified if it implies systematic opposition – a sort of allergic reaction – to America as a whole."<ref name="OConnor">{{cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=Brendan |title=A Brief History of Anti-Americanism from Cultural Criticism to Terrorism |pages=77–92 |journal=Australasian Journal of American Studies |volume=23 |number=1 |publisher=[[The University of Sydney]] |date=July 2004 |url= http://www.anzasa.arts.usyd.edu.au/a.j.a.s/Articles/1_04/OConnor.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130521145809/http://www.anzasa.arts.usyd.edu.au/a.j.a.s/Articles/1_04/OConnor.pdf |archive-date=21 May 2013 |jstor=41053968}}</ref> Some scholars frequently accused of anti-American biases, such as [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Nancy Snow (academic)|Nancy Snow]], have argued that the application of the term "anti-American" to other countries or their populations is 'nonsensical', as it implies that disliking the American government or its policies is socially undesirable or even comparable to a crime.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|date=1993|title=Totalitarian Culture in a Free Society|url=https://archive.org/details/NoamChomsky-TotalitarianCultureInAFreeSociety-1993|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Snow|first=Nancy|title=The Arrogance of American Power: What U.S. Leaders Are Doing Wrong and Why It's Our Duty to Dissent|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006|isbn=0-7425-5373-6|location=Lanham, MD|pages=27ff|oclc=69992247}}</ref> In this regard, the term has been likened to the propagandistic usage of the term "[[Anti-Soviet agitation|anti-Sovietism]]" in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]].<ref name=":02" />

Discussions on anti-Americanism have in most cases lacked a precise explanation of what the sentiment entails (other than a general disfavor), which has led the term to be used broadly and in an impressionistic manner, resulting in the inexact impressions of the many expressions described as anti-American.<ref>O'Connor, Brendan, p 89.</ref> Author and [[expatriate]] William Russell Melton argues that criticism largely originates from the perception that the U.S. wants to act as a "[[world policeman]]".<ref>William Russell Melton. ''The New American Expat: thriving and surviving overseas in the post-9/11 world''. (Intercultural Press 2005. p. XIX.)</ref>

Negative or critical views of the United States or its influence have been widespread in [[Russia]], [[China]], [[Serbia]],<ref name="B92_2009"/> [[Pakistan]],<ref name="Gallup2012">[http://www.gallup.com/file/poll/161309/US_Global_Leadership_Report_03-13_mh2.pdf U.S. Global Leadership Project Report - 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713155508/http://www.gallup.com/file/poll/161309/US_Global_Leadership_Report_03-13_mh2.pdf |date=13 July 2015 }} ''[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]''</ref> [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moy|first=Will|title=America: seen as the number one threat to world peace, says one survey|url=https://fullfact.org/news/america-world-peace/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=[[Full Fact]]|date=11 May 2018|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921170023/https://fullfact.org/news/america-world-peace/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Belarus]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Rating World Leaders: 2016-2017 The U.S. vs. Germany, China and Russia (page 12)|url=https://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000161-0647-da3c-a371-867f6acc0001|website=Gallup|access-date=12 September 2020|archive-date=13 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213192250/https://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000161-0647-da3c-a371-867f6acc0001|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Greater Middle East]],<ref name="Pew Research Center Poll">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/|title=Public Opinion of the U.S.|access-date=29 April 2019|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=April 2018|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224224240/http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbcpoll">{{cite web |title=BBC World Service poll |agency=BBC |website=GlobeScan |date=30 June 2017 |url=http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608143515/https://globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> but remain low in [[Israel]], [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], [[South Korea]], [[India]], [[Vietnam]],<ref>{{cite web |title= U.S. Image Suffers as Publics Around World Question Trump's Leadership |date= 26 June 2017 |url= https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/ |publisher= pewresearch.org |access-date= 13 October 2021 |archive-date= 25 July 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190725003532/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/ |url-status= live }}</ref> the [[Philippines]], and certain countries in [[Central and Eastern Europe|central and eastern Europe]].<ref name="Pew Research Center Poll"/> In [[Western Europe]], anti-Americanism is mainly present in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Philippe Roger|url=https://press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/723682.html|title=The American Enemy, The History of French Anti-Americanism|date=|access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.commentary.org/articles/t-fyvel/realities-behind-british-anti-americanismthe-minority-leading-the-national-pastime/ | title=Realities behind British "Anti-Americanism":The Minority Leading the National Pastime | date=December 1952 }}</ref> A benign form of anti-Americanism has also been present in Canada since the late 18th century following the [[American Revolutionary War]].

Anti-Americanism has also been identified with the term '''Americanophobia''',<ref name="Gulddal2007">{{cite journal | last=Gulddal | first=Jesper | title='The one great Hyperpower in the Sky': anti-Americanism in contemporary European literature | journal=Cambridge Review of International Affairs | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=20 | issue=4 | year=2007 | issn=0955-7571 | doi=10.1080/09557570701680720 | pages=677–692| hdl=1959.13/927709 | s2cid=144151095 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="OConnorGriffiths2007">{{cite book | last1=O'Connor | first1=B. | last2=Griffiths | first2=M. | title=Anti-Americanism: Causes and sources | publisher=Greenwood World Pub. | series=Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, and Themes | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-84645-024-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVPlvgCOUbIC | access-date=1 August 2022 | pages=7–21}}</ref><ref name="Guerlain2007">{{cite journal | last=Guerlain | first=Pierre | title=A Tale of Two Anti-Americanisms | journal=European Journal of American Studies | publisher=OpenEdition | volume=2 | issue=2 | date=17 October 2007 | issn=1991-9336 | doi=10.4000/ejas.1523 | page=| doi-access=free }}</ref> which [[Merriam-Webster]] defines as "hatred of the U.S. or [[Culture of the United States|American culture]]".<ref name="MW">{{cite dictionary|url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Americanophobia |title=Americanophobia|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref><ref name=":4">Denis Lacorne, "Anti-Americanism and Americanophobia: A French Perspectives." (2005).</ref> Anti-Americanism is also widely seen in [[Latin America|Latin American]] countries such as [[Argentina]], [[Colombia]], [[Cuba]], [[Mexico]] and [[Venezuela]].