Editing Anti-Comintern Pact (section)

{{Short description|1936 treaty signed by Germany and Japan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox Treaty|name=Anti-Comintern Pact|long_name=|image=Anti-Comintern_Pact_signing_1936.jpg|image_width=300px|caption=Japanese ambassador to Germany [[Kintomo Mushanokōji]] and the German ambassador-at-large [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] sign the Anti-Comintern Pact.|type=Pact|date_drafted=23 October 1936|date_signed=25 November 1936|location_signed=[[Berlin]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]|date_sealed=|date_effective=|condition_effective=|date_expiration=|signatories=|parties={{plainlist|
Initial parties
*{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} (1936)
*{{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}} (1936)
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Before World War II
*{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} (1937)
*{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} (1939)
*{{flag|Manchukuo}} (1939)
*{{flagcountry|Spanish State|1938}} (1939)
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During World War II
*{{flag|Finland}} (1941)
*{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}} (1941)
*{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} (1941)
*{{flagcountry|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}} (1941)
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China-Nanjing (Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction).svg|size=22px|border=no}} [[Wang Jingwei regime| 
China]] (1941)
*{{flag|Denmark}} (1941)
*{{flagcountry|Independent State of Croatia}} (1941)
}}|depositor=|languages=|website=|wikisource=|language=}}
{{Anti-communism}}
The '''Anti-Comintern Pact''',<ref>({{langx|de|Antikominternpakt}}; {{Langx|it|Patto anticomintern}}; {{langx|ja|防共協定}}, ''Bōkyō kyōtei'')</ref> officially the '''Agreement against the Communist International'''<ref>(German: ''Abkommen gegen die Kommunistische Internationale''; Japanese: {{nihongo||共産「インターナショナル」ニ対スル協定|Kyōsan "intānashonaru" ni taisuru kyōtei}})</ref> was an [[anti-communist]] pact concluded between [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Empire of Japan]] on 25 November 1936 and was directed against the [[Communist International]] (Comintern). It was signed by German ambassador-at-large [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] and Japanese ambassador to Germany [[Kintomo Mushanokōji]].<ref name="Hofer-1982">{{Cite book |title=Der Nationalsozialismus: Dokumente 1933–1945 |publisher=Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag |year=1982 |isbn=3596260841 |editor-last=Hofer |editor-first=Walther |location=Frankfurt/Main |language=de |orig-year=1977}}</ref>{{Rp|188–189}} [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] joined in 1937 (earlier it had signed the [[Italo-Soviet Pact]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stoker |first1=Donald J. |last2=Grant |first2=Jonathan |title=Girding for Battle: The Arms Trade in a Global Perspective, 1815–1940 |date=30 August 2003 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-275-97339-1 |page=180 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylK2AAAAIAAJ |access-date=27 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> directed partly against Hitler), but it was legally recognized as an original signatory by the terms of its entry. [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] and [[Hungary]] joined in 1939. Other countries joined during World War II.<ref name="Osmanczyk-1990">{{Cite book |last=Osmanczyk |first=Edmund J. |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofun00osmarich |title=The Encyclopedia of The United Nations and International Relations |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=1990 |isbn=0850668336 |edition=2nd |location=Bristol |url-access=registration |orig-year=1985}}</ref>{{Rp|49}}

The Japanese signatories had hoped that the Anti-Comintern Pact would effectively be an alliance against the [[Soviet Union]], which was how the Soviets perceived it.<ref name="Bosworth-2015">{{Cite book |title=Politics and Ideology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107034075 |editor-last=Bosworth |editor-first=Richard J. B. |series=The Cambridge History of the Second World War |volume=2 |location=Cambridge |editor-last2=Maiolo |editor-first2=Joseph A.}}</ref>{{Rp|226}} There was also a secret additional protocol which specified a joint German-Japanese policy specifically aimed against the Soviet Union.<ref name="Hofer-1982" />{{Rp|188–189}}<ref name="Weinberg-1954">{{Cite journal |last=Weinberg |first=Gerhard L. |author-link=Gerhard Weinberg |date=1954 |title=Die geheimen Abkommen zum Antikominternpakt. Dokumentation. |url=https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1954_2_6_weinberg.pdf |journal=Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte |language=de |volume=1954/2 |pages=193–201 |via=Institut für Zeitgeschichte}}</ref>{{Rp|197}}

After August 1939, Japan distanced itself from Germany as a result of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]].<ref name="Bosworth-2015" />{{Rp|24}}<ref name="Boog-1998">{{Cite book |last1=Boog |first1=Horst |title=The Attack on the Soviet Union |last2=Förster |first2=Jürgen |last3=Hoffmann |first3=Joachim |last4=Klink |first4=Ernst |last5=Müller |first5=Rolf-Dieter |last6=Ueberschär |first6=Gerd R. |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1998 |isbn=0198228864 |series=Germany and the Second World War |volume=4 |location=Oxford |display-authors=1}}</ref>{{Rp|40}} The Anti-Comintern Pact was followed by the September 1940 [[Tripartite Pact]], which identified the [[United States]] as the primary threat rather than the Soviet Union (although in theory applying to the Soviets as well<ref name="Ciano-1980">{{Cite book |last=Ciano |first=Galeazzo |title=1937–1938: Diario |publisher=Cappelli Editore |year=1980 |location=Milan |language=it}}</ref>{{Rp|14}}), however by December 1941 this too was virtually inoperative.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schroeder |first=Paul W. |url=https://archive.org/details/axisalliancejapa00paul/page/108/mode/2up?q=%22Tripartite+Pact%22 |title=The Axis Alliance and Japanese-American Relations, 1941 |date=1958 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=0801403715 |page=154 |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> The Anti-Comintern Pact was subsequently renewed in November 1941 and saw the entry of several new members into the pact.<ref name="Osmanczyk-1990" />{{Rp|49}} The Nazi regime saw signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact as a "litmus test of loyalty".<ref name="Goda1">{{Cite journal |last=Goda |first=Norman J. W. |date=2015 |title=The diplomacy of the Axis, 1940–1945. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-the-second-world-war/diplomacy-of-the-axis-19401945/393C46700DD97A5A369609202C1A7572 |journal=The Cambridge History of the Second World War |pages=276–300 |doi=10.1017/CHO9781139524377.015 |isbn=9781139524377 |access-date=25 October 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The Anti-Comintern Pact ceased to exist with the end of World War II.

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