Editing Apollo 16 (section)

{{Short description|Fifth crewed Moon landing}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Featured article}}
{{use mdy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{use American English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = Apollo 16
| image                 = John W. Young on the Moon.jpg
| image_caption         = [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]] saluting the [[Flag of the United States|United States flag]] while jumping up on the Moon, with the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] ''Orion'' and [[Lunar Roving Vehicle]] in the background
| insignia              = Apollo-16-LOGO.png

| mission_type          = Crewed lunar landing ([[List of Apollo missions#Alphabetical mission types|J]]){{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=547}}
| operator              = [[NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID             = {{Unbulleted list
  |CSM: 1972-031A{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=473}}
  |LM: 1972-031C{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=476}}
}}
| SATCAT                = {{Unbulleted list
  |CSM: 6000{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=573}}
  |LM: 6005{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=573}}
}}
| mission_duration      = 11 days, 1 hour, 51 minutes, 5 seconds{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=482}}

| spacecraft            = {{Unbulleted list
  |[[Apollo CSM]]-113{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=473}}
  |[[Apollo Lunar Module|Apollo LM]]-11{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=472}}
}}
| manufacturer          = {{Unbulleted list
  |CSM: [[North American Rockwell]]{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=20}}
  |LM: [[Grumman]]{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=26}}
}}
| launch_mass           = {{convert|116314|lb|kg|order=flip}}{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=585}}
| landing_mass          = {{convert|11995|lb|kg|order=flip}}{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=482}}

| launch_date           = {{start date text|April 16, 1972, 17:54:00|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| launch_rocket         = [[Saturn V]] SA-511
| launch_site           = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|LC-39]][[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|A]]

| landing_date          = {{end date text|April 27, 1972, 19:45:05|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=482}}
| landing_site          = South Pacific Ocean<br />{{coord|0|43|S|156|13|W|type:event|name=Apollo 16 splashdown}}{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=482}}
| recovery_by           = {{USS|Ticonderoga|CV-14|6}}
|interplanetary         = 
 {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
   |type                = orbiter
   |object              = Lunar
   |component           = [[Command and service module]]
   |orbits              = 64{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=480}}<ref>{{cite web|date=July 8, 2009|title=Apollo 16|access-date=October 18, 2021|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo16.html|publisher=[[NASA]]|archive-date=November 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115154546/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo16.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
   |arrival_date        = April 19, 1972, 20:22:27&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=499}}
   |departure_date      = April 25, 1972, 02:15:33&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=503}}
 }}
 {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
   |type                = lander
   |object              = Lunar
   |component           = [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]]
   |arrival_date        = April 21, 1972, 02:23:35&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=500}}
   |departure_date      = April 24, 1972, 01:25:47&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=502}}
   |location            = [[Descartes Highlands]]<br />{{Nowrap|{{coord|8.97301|S|15.50019|E|type:landmark_globe:moon}}}}{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=478}}
   |sample_mass         = {{convert|95.71|kg|lb}}{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=479}}
   |surface_EVAs        = 3
   |surface_EVA_time    = {{Unbulleted list
     |20&nbsp;h 14&nbsp;min 14&nbsp;s
     |First: 7&nbsp;h 11&nbsp;min 2&nbsp;s{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=478}}
     |Second: 7&nbsp;h 23&nbsp;min 09&nbsp;s{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=479}}
     |Third: 5&nbsp;h 40&nbsp;min 3&nbsp;s{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=479}}
    }}
  }}
 {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
   |type                = rover
   |object              = Lunar
   |distance            = {{convert|26.7|km|sp=us}}{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=479}}
   |component           = <!--Cargo, not a spacecraft component-->
 }}

<!--Cargo parameters-->
| payload_items         = {{Unbulleted list
  |[[Scientific Instrument Module]]
  |[[Lunar Roving Vehicle]]
}}
| cargo_mass            = {{Unbulleted list
  |SIM:
  |LRV: {{convert|463|lb|kg|order=flip}}
}}
| instruments           = <!--a list of instruments on the satellite-->

| docking               = 
 {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
   | docking_target     = LM
   | docking_type       = dock
   | docking_date       = April 16, 1972, 21:15:53&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=498}}
   | undocking_date     = April 20, 1972, 18:07:31&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=499}}
   | time_docked        = 
 }}
 {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
   | docking_target     = LM Ascent Stage
   | docking_type       = dock
   | docking_date       = April 24, 1972, 03:35:18&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=503}}
   | undocking_date     = April 24, 1972, 20:54:12&nbsp;UTC{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=503}}
   | time_docked        = 
 }}

| crew_size             = 3
| crew_members          = {{Unbulleted list
  |[[John Young (astronaut)|John W. Young]]
  |[[Ken Mattingly|Thomas K. Mattingly II]]
  |[[Charles Duke|Charles M. Duke Jr.]]
}}
| crew_EVAs             = 1 in [[cislunar space]] to retrieve film cassettes
| crew_EVA_duration     = 1&nbsp;h 23&nbsp;min 42&nbsp;s
| crew_callsign         = {{Unbulleted list
  |CSM: ''Casper''
  |LM: ''Orion''
}}
| crew_photo            = Apollo 16 crew.jpg
| crew_photo_caption    = Left to right: [[Ken Mattingly|Mattingly]], [[John Young (astronaut)|Young]], [[Charles Duke|Duke]]

| previous_mission      = [[Apollo 15]]
| next_mission          = [[Apollo 17]]
| programme             = [[Apollo program]]
}}

'''Apollo 16''' (April 16{{ndash}}27, 1972) was the tenth [[human spaceflight|crewed]] mission in the United States [[Apollo program|Apollo space program]], administered by [[NASA]], and the fifth and penultimate to [[Moon landing|land on the Moon]]. It was the second of Apollo's "[[List of Apollo missions#Alphabetical mission types|J missions]]", with an extended stay on the [[Geology of the Moon#Lunar landscape|lunar surface]], a focus on science, and the use of the [[Lunar Roving Vehicle]] (LRV). The landing and [[Exploration of the Moon|exploration]] were in the [[Descartes Highlands]], a site chosen because some scientists expected it to be an area formed by volcanic action, though this proved not to be the case.

The mission was crewed by [[Astronaut ranks and positions|Commander]] [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]], [[Lunar Module Pilot]] [[Charles Duke]] and [[Command Module Pilot]] [[Ken Mattingly]]. Launched from the [[Kennedy Space Center]] in [[Florida]] on April 16, 1972, Apollo 16 experienced a number of minor glitches en route to the Moon. These culminated with a problem with the spacecraft's main engine that resulted in a six-hour delay in the Moon landing as NASA managers contemplated having the astronauts abort the mission and return to Earth, before deciding the problem could be overcome. Although they permitted the lunar landing, NASA had the astronauts return from the mission one day earlier than planned.

After flying the [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]] to the Moon's surface on April 21, Young and Duke spent 71 hours—just under three days—on the lunar surface, during which they conducted three [[Extravehicular activity|extravehicular activities]] or moonwalks, totaling 20 hours and 14 minutes. The pair drove the lunar rover, the second used on the Moon, for {{convert|26.7|km|mi|sp=us}}. On the surface, Young and Duke collected {{convert|95.8|kg|lbs}} of lunar samples for return to Earth, including [[Big Muley]], the largest [[Moon rock]] collected during the Apollo missions. During this time Mattingly orbited the Moon in the [[command and service module]] (CSM), taking photos and operating scientific instruments. Mattingly, in the command module, spent 126 hours and 64 revolutions in [[lunar orbit]].{{sfn|Orloff & Harland 2006|p=480}} After Young and Duke rejoined Mattingly in lunar orbit, the crew released a [[Apollo 16#Particles and Fields Subsatellite PFS-2|subsatellite]] from the [[Apollo service module|service module]] (SM). During the return trip to Earth, Mattingly performed a one-hour spacewalk to retrieve several film cassettes from the exterior of the service module. Apollo 16 returned safely to Earth on April 27, 1972.