Editing Arab Revolt (section)

{{Short description|1916–1918 uprising against the Ottoman Turks}}
{{About|the anti-Ottoman uprising during World War I|other Arab uprisings|Arab Revolt (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Arab Revolt<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ar|الثورة العربية}}}}
| partof            = the [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I]]
| image             = 030Arab.jpg
| image_size        = 300
| caption           = Soldiers of the [[Sharifian Army]] carrying the [[flag of the Arab Revolt]] in southern [[Yanbu]]
| date              = 10 June 1916 – 25 October 1918<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=06|day1=10|year1=1916|month2=10|day2=25|year2=1918}})
| place             = [[Middle East]]
| result            = Arab victory<ref>{{Cite web |title=T.E. Lawrence on guerrilla warfare |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/T-E-Lawrence-on-guerrilla-warfare-1984900 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref>{{bulletedlist|Independence of the [[Hejaz]]}}
| territory         = [[Partition of the Ottoman Empire]] and [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]]{{bulletedlist
| British occupation of [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|Palestine]], [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]], and [[Ottoman Iraq|Mesopotamia]]
| French occupation of [[Damascus Eyalet|Syria]] and [[Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate|Lebanon]]}}
| combatant1        = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hejaz|1917}}<br>'''Supported by:'''<br>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br> {{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}
| combatant2        = {{flagcountry|Ottoman Empire}}<br>'''Supported by:'''<br>{{flagcountry|Emirate of Jabal Shammar|name=Jabal Shammar}}<br>{{flagcountry|German Empire}}
| commander1        = {{unbulletedlist
| {{flagdeco|Hejaz|1917}} '''[[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Hussein bin Ali]]'''
| {{flagdeco|Hejaz|1917}} [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal I]]
| {{flagdeco|Hejaz|1917}} [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah I]]
| {{flagdeco|Hejaz|1917}} [[Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz|Ali bin Hussein]]
| {{flagdeco|Hejaz|1917}} [[Auda Abu Tayi]]
| {{flagdeco|UKGBI}} [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|Edmund Allenby]]
| {{flagdeco|UKGBI}} [[T. E. Lawrence]]
| {{flagdeco|French Third Republic}} [[Édouard Brémond]]}}
| commander2        = {{unbulletedlist
| {{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire}} '''[[Mehmed V]]'''
| {{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire}} [[Djemal Pasha|Ahmed Djemal]]
| {{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire}} [[Fakhri Pasha|Ömer F. Türkkan]]
| {{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire}} [[Muhittin Akyüz]]
| {{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire}} [[Recep Peker]]
| {{flagdeco|Jabal Shammar}} [[Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid|Saud bin Abdulaziz]]}}
| strength1         = '''June 1916:'''<br>30,000 troops<ref name="Murphy26">Murphy, p. 26.</ref><br>'''October 1918:'''<br>50,000+ troops<ref>Mehmet Bahadir Dördüncü, ''Mecca-Medina: the Yıldız albums of Sultan Abdülhamid II'', Tughra Books, 2006, {{ISBN|1-59784-054-8}}, p. 29. Number refers only to those laying siege to Medina by the time it surrendered and does not account for Arab insurgents elsewhere.</ref>
| strength2         = '''May 1916:'''<br>6,500–7,000 troops<ref>''Military Intelligence and the Arab Revolt: The first modern intelligence war'', Polly a. Mohs, {{ISBN|1-134-19254-1}}, [[Routledge]], p. 41.</ref><br>'''September 1918:'''<br>25,000 troops<br />340 guns<ref name="Murphy26"/>
| casualties1       = Unknown
| casualties2       = 62,000+ total{{bulletedlist
| 20,000 killed<ref>{{cite web |title=Secretary’s Notes of a Conversation Held in M. Pichon’s Room at the Quai d’Orsay, Paris, on Thursday, 6 February, 1919, at 3 p.m. |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv03/d61 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=Department of State, United States of America |access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref>
| 10,000 wounded<ref>Erickson 2001, p. 238, Appendix F.</ref>
| 22,000+ captured<ref>{{cite book |author1=War Office |author-link1=War Office |title=Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1920 |date=1922 |publisher=London H.M. Stationery Office |url=https://archive.org/details/statisticsofmili00grea|page=633}}: 8000 prisoners taken by the Arab insurgents in Syria-Palestine in 1918, joining 98,600 taken by the British.</ref><ref>Parnell, p. 75: 6,000 prisoners taken by the end of 1916</ref><ref>Süleyman Beyoğlu, The end broken point of Turkish-Arabian relations: The evacuation of Medine, Atatürk Atatürk Research Centre Journal (Number 78, Edition: XXVI, November 2010) (Turkish). 8000 Ottoman troops surrendered at the end of the [[Siege of Medina]] and were evacuated to Egypt afterwards.</ref>
| ~10,000 disease-related deaths}}
| notes             =
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Arab Revolt (World War I)}}
}}

The '''Arab Revolt''' ({{langx|ar|الثورة العربية}} {{transliteration|ar|al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya}}), also known as the '''Great Arab Revolt''' ({{Lang|ar|الثورة العربية الكبرى|rtl=yes}} {{transliteration|ar|al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya al-Kubrā}}), was an armed uprising by the [[Hashemites|Hashemite]]-led Arabs of the [[Hejaz]]<ref name="Matthew Hughes">{{cite book|author=Matthew Hughes|title=Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917–1919 |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7146-4473-8|page=73}}</ref> against the [[Ottoman Empire]] amidst the [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I]].

On the basis of the [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]], exchanged between [[Henry McMahon]] of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] and [[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Hussein bin Ali]] of the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], the rebellion against the ruling [[Turkish people|Turks]] was officially initiated at [[Mecca]] on 10 June 1916.{{efn|although his sons [[Ali of Hejaz|'Ali]] and [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]] had already initiated operations at Medina starting on 5 June<ref>''The Arab Movements in World War I'', Eliezer Tauber, Routledge, 2014 {{ISBN|978-1135199784 }} pp. 80–81</ref>}} The primary goal of the Arab rebels was to establish an independent and unified [[Arab world|Arab state]] stretching from [[Aleppo]] to [[Aden]], which the British government had promised to recognize.<ref>{{citation|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Correspondence_between_Sir_Henry_McMahon_and_the_Sherif_Hussein_of_Mecca_Cmd_5957.pdf|title=Cmd.5957; Correspondence between Sir Henry McMahon, G.C.M.G., His Majesty's High Commissioner at. Cairo and the Sherif Hussein of Mecca, July, 1915–March, 1916 (with map)|publisher=HMG|first1=Henry|last1=McMahon|first2=Hussein|last2=bin Ali|year=1939}}</ref>

The [[Sharifian Army]], led by Hussein and the Hashemites with backing from the British military's [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]], successfully fought and expelled the Ottoman military presence from much of the [[Hejaz]] and [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]]. By 1918, the rebels had [[Capture of Damascus (1918)|captured Damascus]] and proclaimed the [[Arab Kingdom of Syria]], a short-lived monarchy that was led by Hussein's son [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal I]].

Having covertly signed the [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]] with the [[French Third Republic]], the British reneged on their promise to support the Arabs' establishment of a singular Arab state.<ref name=SPmemo>{{cite wikisource |title=Arab Question; Sykes and Georges-Picot, Memorandum, not dated (known from other sources as 3 January 1916), and Nicolson, covering letter, 5 January 1916 (F.O. 371/2767/2522)|wslink=Sykes-Picot Memorandum |author=Sykes and Picot |year=1916 |publisher=UK Foreign Office}}</ref> Instead, the Arab-majority Ottoman territories of the [[Middle East]] were broken up into a number of [[League of Nations mandate]]s, jointly controlled by the British and the French. Amidst the [[partition of the Ottoman Empire]], the defeated Ottomans' mainland in [[Anatolia]] came under a joint military occupation by the victorious [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. This was gradually broken by the [[Turkish War of Independence]], which established the present-day [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]].