Editing Argument from morality (section)

{{Short description|Argument for the existence of God}}
{{about|the theological argument|the argument against modal realism|Argument from morality (modal realism)}}
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The '''argument from morality''' is an argument for the [[existence of God]]. Arguments from morality tend to be based on [[Normative Ethics|moral normativity]] or moral order. Arguments from moral normativity observe some aspect of morality and argue that [[God]] is the best or only explanation for this, concluding that God must exist. Arguments from moral order are based on the asserted need for moral order to exist in the universe. They claim that, for this moral order to exist, God must exist to support it. The argument from morality is noteworthy in that one cannot evaluate the soundness of the argument without attending to almost every important philosophical issue in [[meta-ethics]].

German philosopher [[Immanuel Kant]] devised an argument from morality based on [[practical reason]]. Kant argued that the goal of humanity is to achieve perfect happiness and virtue (the ''[[summum bonum]]'') and believed that an [[afterlife]] must be assumed to exist in order for this to be possible, and that God must be assumed to exist to provide this. Rather than aiming to prove the existence of God, however, Kant was simply attempting to demonstrate that all moral thought requires the assumption that God exists, and therefore that we are entitled to make such an assumption only as a regulative principle rather than a constitutive principle (meaning that such a principle can guide our actions, but it does not provide knowledge). In his book ''[[Mere Christianity]]'', [[C. S. Lewis]] argued that "conscience reveals to us a moral law whose source cannot be found in the natural world, thus pointing to a supernatural Lawgiver."<ref name="Marty2010">{{cite book|last=Marty|first=Elsa J.|title=A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78962vlrCDcC&pg=PA154|access-date=2 December 2012|date=2010-08-19|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=9781441111975|page=154|quote=C.S. Lewis offered a popularized version of such an argument in a series of talks for the BBC during World War II, later published in his ''Mere Christianity'' Lewis argued that conscience reveals to us a moral law whose source cannot be found in the natural world, thus pointing to a supernatural Lawgiver.}}</ref><ref name="Allison2011">{{cite book|last=Allison|first=Gregg|title=Historical Theology: An Introduction to Christian Doctrine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oO2eY2BC6xIC&pg=PA207|access-date=2 December 2012|date=2011-03-29|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=9780310230137|page=207|quote=In his highly influential book Mere Christianity, C. S. Lewis revived the moral argument for the existence of God.  By moving from the fact of human quarrels and the moral law that these presuppose, to the reality of God as the moral Lawgiver whose law people break, Lewis set forth a foundation not only for the existence of God, but for the message that "the Christians are talking about.... The tell you how the demands of this law, which you and I cannot meet, have been met on our behalf, how God himself becomes a man to save a man from the disapproval of God."
}}</ref> Lewis argued that accepting the validity of human reason as a given must include accepting the validity of practical reason, which could not be valid without reference to a higher cosmic moral order which could not exist without a God to create and/or establish it. A related argument is from conscience; [[John Henry Newman]] argued that the [[conscience]] supports the claim that objective moral truths exist because it drives people to act morally even when it is not in their own interest. Newman argued that, because the conscience suggests the existence of objective moral truths, God must exist to give authority to these truths.

Contemporary defenders of the argument from morality are [[Graham Ward (theologian)|Graham Ward]], [[Alister McGrath]] and [[William Lane Craig]].