Editing Argumentation theory (section)

{{Short description|Academic field of logic and rhetoric}}
[[File:Whatley.png|thumb|Example of an early [[argument map]], from [[Richard Whately]]'s ''Elements of Logic'' (1852 edition)]]
'''Argumentation theory''' is the [[interdisciplinary]] study of how conclusions can be supported or undermined by [[premise]]s through [[logical reasoning]]. With historical origins in [[logic]], [[dialectic]], and [[rhetoric]], argumentation theory includes the arts and sciences of civil debate, [[dialogue]], [[conversation]], and [[persuasion]]. It studies rules of [[inference]], [[logic]], and procedural rules in both [[Artificial intelligence|artificial]] and real-world settings.<ref>{{cite book |last1=van Eemeren |first1=Frans H. |last2=Grootendorst |first2=Rob |title=A systematic theory of argumentation: the pragma-dialectical approach |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/systematictheory0000eeme/page/9 9–13] |year=2004 |isbn=0521830753 |oclc=51931118 |url=https://archive.org/details/systematictheory0000eeme/page/9 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=Handbook2014/>

Argumentation includes various forms of dialogue such as [[deliberation]] and [[negotiation]] which are concerned with collaborative [[decision-making]] procedures.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jory |first=Constanza Ihnen |date=May 2016 |title=Negotiation and deliberation: grasping the difference |journal=Argumentation |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=145–165 [146] |doi=10.1007/s10503-014-9343-1|s2cid=189944698 }}</ref> It also encompasses [[eristic]] dialogue, the branch of social debate in which victory over an opponent is the primary goal, and [[didactic]] dialogue used for teaching.<ref name=Handbook2014>{{cite book |last1=van Eemeren |first1=Frans H. |author-link1=Frans H. van Eemeren |last2=Garssen |first2=Bart |last3=Krabbe |first3=Erik C. W. |last4=Snoeck Henkemans |first4=A. Francisca |last5=Verheij |first5=Bart |last6=Wagemans |first6=Jean H. M. |date=2014 |title=Handbook of argumentation theory |location=New York |publisher=[[Springer Verlag]] |pages=65–66 |isbn=9789048194728 |oclc=871004444 |doi=10.1007/978-90-481-9473-5 |quote=At the start of ''Topics'' VIII.5, [[Aristotle]] distinguishes three types of dialogue by their different goals: (1) the truly dialectical debate, which is concerned with training (''gumnasia''), with critical examination (''peira''), or with inquiry (''skepsis''); (2) the didactic discussion, concerned with teaching; and (3) the competitive (eristic, contentious) type of debate in which winning is the only concern.}}</ref> This discipline also studies the means by which people can express and rationally resolve or at least manage their disagreements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walton |first=Douglas N. |date=1990 |title=What is Reasoning? What Is an Argument? |journal=The Journal of Philosophy |volume=87 |issue=8 |pages=399–419 |doi=10.2307/2026735|jstor=2026735 }}</ref>

Argumentation is a daily occurrence, such as in [[public debate]], [[science]], and [[law]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Palau |first1=Raquel Mochales |last2=Moens |first2=Marie-Francine |title=Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law |chapter=Argumentation mining |date=2009-06-08 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1568234.1568246 |series=ICAIL '09 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=98–107 |doi=10.1145/1568234.1568246 |isbn=978-1-60558-597-0|s2cid=1788414 |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/234784 }}</ref> For example in [[law]], in [[Court|courts]] by the [[judge]], the parties and the [[prosecutor]], in presenting and testing the [[Validity (logic)|validity]] of [[Evidence (law)|evidences]]. Also, argumentation scholars study the ''post hoc'' [[Rationalization (psychology)|rationalizations]] by which organizational actors try to justify decisions they have made [[Irrationality|irrationally]].

Argumentation is one of four [[rhetorical modes]] (also known as ''modes of discourse''), along with [[Exposition (literary technique)|exposition]], [[description]], and [[narrative mode|narration]].