Editing Arthashastra (section)

{{Short description|Ancient Indian treatise}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox religious text
| image =Rediscovered circa 16th century Arthashastra manuscript in Grantha script from the Oriental Research Institute (ORI) which was found in 1905 03.jpg
| image_size=
| alt =16th century Arthashastra manuscript in [[Grantha script]] kept at the Oriental Research Institute, Mysore
| caption =16th century Arthashastra manuscript in [[Grantha script]] kept at the Oriental Research Institute, Mysore
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| verses =
| author =  multiple authors;{{sfn|McClish|2019|p=152-153}}{{efn-la|name="dating_authorship"}} main compiler or redactor Kautilya,{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|pp=1, 34-35}}{{sfn|McClish|2019|p=152-153}} also known as Vishnugupta and Chanakya,{{sfn|McLean|McMillan|2003}}{{sfn|Boesche|2003|p=8}} as later additions and traditions also mention Vishnugupta and Chanakya.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|pp=1, 34-35}}{{sfn|Ray|2024}}{{efn-la|name="dating_authorship"}}
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| date     = 
| chapters =
| name=''Kautilya's Arthashastra''
| period= 1st-3rd century ce;{{sfn|Olivelle|2013}}{{sfn|McClish|2019|p=152-153}}{{efn-la|name="dating_authorship"}} traditional dating 3rd century BCE
| wikisource= Arthashastra}}
{{Hindu scriptures and texts}}
{{Politics sidebar}}

'''''Kautilya's Arthashastra''''' ({{langx|sa|अर्थशास्त्रम्}}, {{IAST3|Kautiliyam Arthaśāstram}}; {{Translation|Kautilya's compendium on worldly affairs}}) is an [[Ancient India]]n [[Sanskrit]] treatise on statecraft, [[politics]], [[economic policy]] and [[military strategy]].{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|pp=1-5, 24–25, 31}}{{efn-la|name="description"}} The text is likely the work of several authors over centuries,{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|pp=24–25, 31–33}} starting as a compilation of ''Arthashastras'', texts which according to Olivelle date from the 2nd c. BCE to the 1st c. CE.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|pp=30-31}} These treatises were compiled and amended in a new treatise, according to McClish and Olivelle in the 1st century CE by either an anonymous author or Kautilya, though earlier and later dates have also been proposed.{{efn-la|name="dating_authorship"}} While often regarded as created by a single author, McClish and Olivelle argue that this compilation, possibly titled ''Daņdanīti'', served as the basis for a major expansion and redaction in the 2nd or 3rd century CE by either Kautilya or an anonymous author, when several books, dialogical comments, and the disharmonious chapter-division were added,{{efn-la|name="additions"}} and a stronger [[Brahmanical]] ideology was brought in.{{sfn|McClish|2019|p=144}} The text thus became a proper ''arthashastra'', and was retitled to ''Kautilya's Arthashastra''.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|pp=30-31}}{{sfn|McClish|2019|p=142-143, 152-153}}

Two names for the text's compilor or redactor are used in the text, Kauṭalya (Kautilya) and Vishnugupta.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|pp=1, 34-35}} [[Chanakya]] (375–283 BCE), the counsellor of [[Chandragupta Maurya]], is implied in a later interpolation, reinforced by [[Gupta Empire|Gupta-era]] and medieval traditions, which explicitly identified Kautilya with Chanakya.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|pp=31-38}} This identification started during the Gupta reign (c. 240–c. 579), strengthening the Gupta's ideological presentation as heirs of the Mauryas.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|p=34}} Early on, the identification has been questioned by scholarship, and rejected by the main studies on the topic since 1965,{{efn-la|name="dating_authorship"}} because of stylistic differences within the text which point to multiple authorship, and historical elements which are anachronistic for the Mauryan period, but fit in the first centuries of the Common Era.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|pp=1, 34-35}}{{efn-la|name="Olivelle_2013_p26_fortifications"}} The ''Arthashastra'' was influential until the 12th century,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rathanasara |first=Kaudagammana |date=February 2023 |title=An example of the use of Indian political theories in ancient Sri Lanka (Related to the reign of King Parakramabahu I) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373638727 |journal=International Conference on Vedic Jurisprudence & Its Impact on Contemporary World}}</ref> when it disappeared. It was rediscovered in 1905 by [[R. Shamasastry]], who published it in 1909.<ref name=Allen>{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Charles|author-link = Charles Allen (writer)|title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor|date=21 February 2012|publisher=Hachette UK|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C|access-date=23 October 2015|isbn=9781408703885}}</ref> The first English translation, also by Shamasastry, was published in 1915.{{sfn|Boesche|2002|p=8}}

The Sanskrit title, ''Arthashastra'', can be translated as 'treatise on "political science"' or "economic science" or simply "statecraft",<ref name="Boesche 2003" />{{efn-la|name="Olivelle_2013_title"|{{harvtxt|Olivelle|2013|pp=14, 330}}: "The title Arthaśāstra is found only in the [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]]s, in three verses 5.6.47, 7.10.38 and 7.18.42", (page 14) and "Prosperity and decline, stability and weakening, and vanquishing&nbsp;— knowing the ''science of politics [अर्थशास्त्र, arthaśāstra]'', he should employ all of these strategies." (page 330)}} as the word [[artha]] (अर्थ) is polysemous in Sanskrit;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary 1899 Advanced |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc2/index.php |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref> the word has a broad scope.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rangarajan|first=L.N.|title=The Arthashastra (Introduction)|year=1987|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New Delhi|pages=1–2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jbzZkoR36QC|access-date=2016-02-20|isbn=9788184750119}}</ref> It includes books on the nature of government, law, civil and criminal court systems, [[ethics]], [[economics]], markets and trade, the methods for screening ministers, diplomacy, theories on war, nature of peace, and the duties and obligations of a king.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|pp=1-62, 179-221}}<ref>Thomas Trautmann (2012), Arthashastra: The Science of Wealth, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0670085279}}, pages xxv-27</ref> The text incorporates [[Hindu philosophy]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=R. Chadwick|author2=S. Henson|author3=B. Moseley|title=Functional Foods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_jvCAAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science|isbn=978-3-662-05115-3|page=39|quote=During the same period, an ancient Hindu text (the Arthashastra) included a recipe...}}<br />{{cite book|author=Arvind Sharma|title=Modern Hindu Thought: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aDXAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567638-9|page=186 |quote=Arthasastra, the major surviving Hindu text on polity, attributed to Chanakya (also known as Kautilya)...}}<br />{{cite book|author=Stephen Peter Rosen|title=Societies and Military Power: India and Its Armies|url=https://archive.org/details/societiesmilitar00rose|url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801432101|page=[https://archive.org/details/societiesmilitar00rose/page/67 67] |quote=The most important single text in Hindu political philosophy is Kautilya's Arthasastra [...]}}</ref> includes ancient economic and cultural details on agriculture, mineralogy, mining and metals, animal husbandry, medicine, forests and wildlife.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|pp=122-175}}

The ''Arthashastra'' explores issues of social [[welfare state|welfare]], the collective ethics that hold a society together, advising the king that in times and in areas devastated by famine, epidemic and such acts of nature, or by war, he should initiate [[public works|public projects]] such as creating irrigation waterways and building forts around major strategic holdings and towns and exempt taxes on those affected.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|pp=101, 228-229, 286-287}} The text was influenced by Hindu texts such as the sections on kings, [[governance]] and legal procedures included in ''[[Manusmriti]]''.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|pp=29, 52}}{{sfn|Olivelle|2004}}