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Arthur Leonard Schawlow
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{{short description|American physicist; co-inventor of the laser (1921–1999)}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Arthur Leonard Schawlow | image = Artur Schawlow, Stanford University.jpg | image_size = | caption = Arthur Leonard Schawlow in 1981 | birth_date = {{birth date|1921|5|5|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Mount Vernon, New York]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1999|4|28|1921|5|5}} | death_place = [[Palo Alto, California]], U.S. | field = [[Physics]] | work_institutions = [[Bell Labs]]<br>[[Columbia University]]<br>[[Stanford University]] | alma_mater = [[University of Toronto]] | doctoral_advisor = Malcolm Crawford | doctoral_students = [[Antoinette Taylor]]<br/>[[Wendell T. Hill]]<br/>[[Michael Duryea Williams]] | known_for = [[Laser spectroscopy]]<br>[[Laser cooling]]<br>[[Schawlow–Townes approximation]] | prizes = [[Stuart Ballantine Medal]] <small>(1962)</small><br>[[IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award]] {{small|(1964)}}<br>[[Richtmyer Memorial Award]] {{small|(1970)}}<br>[[Frederic Ives Medal]] {{small|(1976)}}<br>[[Marconi Prize]] <small>(1977)</small><br>[[Nobel Prize for Physics]] <small>(1981)</small><br>[[National Medal of Science]] <small>(1991)</small> | spouse = Aurelia Townes (m. 1951; 3 children) }} '''Arthur Leonard Schawlow''' (May 5, 1921 – April 28, 1999) was an American [[physicist]] who, along with [[Charles Townes]], developed the theoretical basis for [[laser]] science. His central insight was the use of two mirrors as the resonant cavity to take [[maser]] action from microwaves to visible wavelengths. He shared the 1981 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] with [[Nicolaas Bloembergen]] and [[Kai Siegbahn]] for his work using lasers to determine [[atomic energy level]]s with great precision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Arthur_L._Schawlow|title=Arthur L. Schawlow|work=IEEE Global History Network|publisher=IEEE|access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Hänsch, Theodor W.|author-link=Theodor W. Hänsch|title=Obituary: Arthur Leonard Schawlow|journal=Physics Today|date=December 1999|volume=52|issue=12|pages=75–76|url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v52/i12/p75_s2?bypassSSO=1|doi=10.1063/1.2802854|bibcode=1999PhT....52l..75H}}</ref>
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