Editing Askold and Dir (section)

{{Short description|Earliest known Norse rulers of Kiev}}
{{redirect|Askold|other uses|Askold (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
'''Askold and Dir''' (''Haskuldr'' or ''Hǫskuldr'' and ''Dyr'' or ''Djur'' in [[Old Norse]]; died in 882), mentioned in both the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Nestor |url=http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf |title=The Russian Primary chronicle, Laurentian Text |last2=Cross |first2=Samuel H |last3=Sherbowitz-Wetzor |first3=Olgerd P |date=1953 |publisher=Medieval Academy of America |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=60–61 |language=en |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016005423/http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> the ''[[Novgorod First Chronicle]]'',{{sfn|Ostrowski|2018|p=39–40}} and the ''[[Nikon Chronicle]]'',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zenkovsky |first1=Serge A. |url= |title=The Nikonian Chronicle: From the beginning to the year 1132 |last2=Zenkovsky |first2=Betty Jean |date=1984 |publisher=Kingston Press |isbn=978-0-940670-00-6 |pages=16–29 |language=en}}</ref> were the earliest known rulers of [[Kyiv|Kiev]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Zakharii |first=Roman |date=2002 |title=The historiography of Normanist and anti-Normanist theories on the origins of Rus' : a review of modern historiography and major sources on Varangian controversy and other Scandinavian concepts of the origins of Rus' |type=Master thesis |hdl=10852/26680 |publisher=University of Oslo}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2023|reason=Per [[WP:SCHOLARSHIP]] master thesis are not considered generally reliable}}
[[File:Europe 814.svg|thumb|300px|Map of Europe in 814]]