Editing Balhae (section)

{{Short description|Ancient kingdom in Asia (698–926)}}
{{Other uses|Bohai (disambiguation){{!}}Bohai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = {{native phrase|ko|渤海}} ([[Hanja]]) <br />{{native phrase|ko|발해|paren=omit}} ([[Hangul]])<br />{{small|''Balhae''}}<hr />{{native phrase|zh|渤海}}<br />{{small|''Bóhǎi''}}, {{small|''Bohea''}}
| conventional_long_name = Balhae (Parhae) / Bohai (Pohai)
| common_name            = Balhae
| era                    = 
| status                 = 
| status_text            = 
| empire                 = 
| government_type        = [[Monarchy]]
| event_pre              = Dae Jung-sang begins military campaigns
| date_pre               = 696
| year_start             = 698
| year_end               = 926
| event_start            = Establishment in Tianmenling
| date_start             = 
| event1                 = "Balhae" as a kingdom name
| stat_year1             = 10th century
| stat_pop1              = 1.5–4 million
| stat_area1             = <!-- area in square kilometres (w/o commas or spaces), area in square miles is calculated -->
| date_event1            = 713
| event_end              = Fall of Sang-gyeong
| date_end               = 14 January
| p1                     = Goguryeo
| p2                     = Mohe people{{!}}Mohe Peoples
| s1                     = Liao dynasty
| s2                     = Dongdan Kingdom{{!}}Dongdan
| s3                     = Goryeo
| s4                     = Later Balhae
| s5                     = Jurchen people{{!}}Jurchens
| image_map              = File:Balhae-Territory in 830.JPG
| image_map_caption      = The territory of Balhae in 830, during the reign of King [[Seon of Balhae|Seon (Xuan) of Balhae]].<ref>{{cite book|author=동북아역사재단 편 (Northeast Asian History Foundation)|script-title=ko:새롭게 본 발해사|date=2007|publisher=동북아역사재단|isbn=978-89-6187-003-0|page=62}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=渤海の遼東地域の領有問題をめぐって : 拂涅・越 喜・鉄利等靺鞨の故地と関連して |url=https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/opac_download_md/1150/KJ00000699920-00001.pdf |website=Kyushu University Institutional Repository |date=2003}}</ref>
| capital                = [[Dunhua|Dongmo Mountain]]<br />{{small|(698–742)}}<br />[[Helong|Central capital]]<br />{{small|(742–756)}}<br />[[Shangjing Longquanfu|Upper capital]]<br />{{small|(756–785)}}<br />[[Hunchun|Eastern capital]]<br />{{small|(785–793)}}<br />[[Shangjing Longquanfu|Upper capital]]<br />{{small|(793–926)}}{{efn|With the [[List of provinces of Balhae|multiple capitals system]]; a Supreme capital with four secondary capitals (c.820-926)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dinamika-urbanizatsionnyh-protsessov-v-srednevekovyh-gosudarstvah-dalnego-vostoka|title=Динамика урбанизационных процессов в средневековых государствах Дальнего Востока |trans-title=Dynamics of urbanization processes in the medieval states of the Far East|author1=Kradin Nikolai Nikolaevich |work= Siberian historical research|date=2018 |access-date=5 February 2019 }}</ref>}}
| common_languages       = [[Balhae language|Balhae]]
| languages_type  = Co-official languages
| languages       = [[Goguryeo language|Goguryeo]] <small>([[Koreanic language|Koreanic]])</small>,<br/>[[Tungusic languages|Proto-Tungusic]],<br/> [[Classical Chinese]] <small>(literary)</small>
| religion               = [[Buddhism]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/buddiyskaya-kultovaya-arhitektura-bohayskogo-vremeni-v-severnoy-chasti-koreyskogo-poluostrova|script-title=ru:Культовая архитектура Бохайского времени в северной части Кореского Полуострова |trans-title=Religious cult architecture of the Bohai time in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula |author1=Stoyakin Maxim Aleksandrovich |work= BUDDHIST RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE OF PARHAE (BOHAI) LOCATED IN NORTHERN PART OF KOREAN PENINSULA |date=2012 |access-date=5 February 2019 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=古畑徹|script-title=ja:渤海国とは何か 歴史文化ライブラリー|date=2017|publisher=吉川弘文館|isbn=978-4642058582|language=ja}}</ref><br/>[[Shamanism]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/buddiyskaya-kultovaya-arhitektura-bohayskogo-vremeni-v-severnoy-chasti-koreyskogo-poluostrova/viewer | title=Буддийская культовая архитектура бохайского времени в северной части корейского полуострова }}</ref><br/>[[Confucianism]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
| currency               = 
| title_leader           = King
| leader1                = [[Go of Balhae|Go (Gao)]] (first)
| year_leader1           = 698–719
| leader2                = [[Mu of Balhae|Mu (Wu)]]
| year_leader2           = 719–737
| leader3                = [[Mun of Balhae|Mun (Wen)]]
| year_leader3           = 737–793
| leader4                = [[Seon of Balhae|Seon (Xuan)]]
| year_leader4           = 818–830
| leader15               = [[Dae Inseon]] (Da Yinzhuan) (last)
| year_leader15          = 907–926
| today                  = [[China]]<br>[[North Korea]]<br>[[Russia]]
| demonym                = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
}}
{{Infobox
| title            = Balhae
| data1            = {{Infobox Chinese
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| hangul = 발해
| hanja = 渤海
| rr = Balhae
| mr = Parhae
| othername2     = [[Alternative Korean name]]
| hangul2        = 진국
| hanja2         = 震國
| rr2            = Jinguk
}}
| data2            = {{Infobox Chinese
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| c = {{linktext|渤|海}}
| p = Bóhǎi
| w = Po-hai
}}
| data3            = {{Infobox Chinese/Russian
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| rus = Бохай
| rusr = Bohai
}}
| data4            = {{Infobox Chinese/Manchu
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| mnc = ᡦᡠᡥᠠ‍ᡳ
| mnc_rom= Puhai
}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Manchu}}
'''Balhae''',{{efn|({{Korean|hangul=발해}}; {{IPA|ko|pa̠ɽɦɛ̝}}, {{lang-zh|c=渤海|p=Bóhǎi}}, {{langx|ru|Бохай|translit=Bokhay}}, {{manchu|m={{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡦᡠᡥᠠ‍ᡳ}}}})}} also rendered as '''Bohai''',{{sfn|Crossley|1997|p=18}} known by the name '''Bohea'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pang |first1=Tina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBTrAAAAMAAJ&q=bohea+bohai |title=海贸流珍:中国外销品中的风貌 |date=3 November 2024 |publisher=Xianggang da xue mei shu bo wu guan |isbn=978-962-8038-52-7 |trans-title=Maritime Trade Treasures: The Styles of Chinese Export Goods}}</ref> and called '''Jin''' ({{Korean|hangul=진국|hanja=震國}}; {{IPA|ko|tɕinguk̚}}) was a multiethnic kingdom established in 698 by [[Dae Joyeong]] (Da Zuorong) and originally known as the Kingdom of Jin (震, Zhen) until 713 when its name was changed to Balhae. At its greatest extent it corresponded to what is today [[Northeast China]], the northern half of the [[Korean Peninsula]] and the southeastern [[Russian Far East]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=정석배 JUNG Suk-bae|year=2016|script-title=ko:발해의 북방경계에 대한 일고찰 (Study on northern borders of Balhae) |journal=고구려발해연구 The Koguryo Balhae Yongu |publisher=고구려발해학회 Association of Koguryo Balhae|pages=88|volume=54|language=ko}}</ref>

Balhae's early history involved a rocky relationship with the [[Tang dynasty]] that saw military and political conflict, but by the end of the 8th century the relationship had become cordial and friendly. The Tang dynasty would eventually recognize Balhae as the "Prosperous Country of the East".<ref name="OwenMiller" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=渤海／海東の盛国 |trans-title=The Prosperous Kingdom of Bohai/Haedong |url=https://www.y-history.net/appendix/wh0302-088.html |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.y-history.net}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Lee|first=Ki-baik|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/A_New_History_of_Korea/z2n9DwAAQBAJhl=en&gbpv=1&dq=parhae%20clothing&pg=PT77&printsec=frontcover&bsq=parhae%20clothing|title=A New History of Korea|date=1988|others=Edward W. Wagner, Edward J. Schultz|isbn=978-0-674-25526-5|location=Cambridge|pages=90–91|oclc=1203951892}}</ref> Numerous cultural and political exchanges were made. Balhae was conquered by the [[Khitan people|Khitan]]-led [[Liao dynasty]] in 926. Balhae survived as a distinct population group for another three centuries in the Liao and [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin]] dynasties before disappearing under [[Mongol Empire|Mongol rule]].

The history surrounding the origin of the state, its ethnic composition, the modern cultural affiliation of the ruling dynasty, the reading of their names, and its borders are the subject of a [[Balhae controversies|historiographical dispute]] between Korea, China and Russia. Historical sources from both China and Korea have described Balhae's founder, Dae Joyeong, as related to the [[Mohe people]] and [[Goguryeo]].