Editing Bed bug (section)

{{Short description|Type of insect that feeds on human blood}}
{{Other uses}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Bed bug
| synonyms        = Cimicosis, bedbugs
| image           = Bed bug, Cimex lectularius.jpg
| alt             =
| caption         = An adult bed bug (''[[Cimex lectularius]]'') with the typical flattened oval shape
| pronounce       =
| field           = [[Family medicine]], [[dermatology]]
| symptoms        = None to prominent [[blisters]], itchiness<ref name=And2006/><ref name=Ib2017/>
| complications   =
| onset           = Minutes to days after the bite<ref name=Ib2017/>
| duration        =
| types           =
| causes          = ''[[Cimex]]'' (primarily ''[[Cimex lectularius]]'' and ''[[Cimex hemipterus]]'')<ref name=JAMA2009/>
| risks           = Travel, second-hand furnishings<ref name=Kolb2009/>
| diagnosis       = Based on finding bed bugs and symptoms<ref name=GP2009/>
| differential    = [[Allergic reaction]], [[scabies]], [[dermatitis herpetiformis]]<ref name=Ib2017/>
| prevention      =
| treatment       = [[Symptomatic treatment|Symptomatic]], [[bed bug eradication]]<ref name=Ib2017/>
| medication      = [[Antihistamines]], [[corticosteroids]]<ref name=Ib2017/>
| prognosis       =
| frequency       = Relatively common<ref name=Dog2012/>
| deaths          =
}}
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
'''Bed bugs''' are [[parasitic]] [[insect]]s from the genus ''[[Cimex]]'', which are [[micropredator]]s that [[haematophagy|feed on blood]], usually at night.<ref name=CDC2017Trans/> Their bites can result in a number of health impacts, including [[skin rash]]es, psychological effects, and [[allergy|allergic]] symptoms.<ref name=GP2009>{{cite journal |vauthors=Doggett SL, Russell R |title=Bed bugs – What the GP needs to know |journal=Aust Fam Physician |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=880–4 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19893834 }}</ref> Bed bug bites may lead to skin changes ranging from small areas of redness to prominent [[blister]]s.<ref name=And2006>{{cite book |author1=James, William D. |author2=Berger, Timothy G. |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6 |display-authors=etal|page=446}}</ref><ref name="Ib2017">{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=O |last2=Syed |first2=UM |last3=Tomecki |first3=KJ |date=March 2017 |title=Bedbugs: Helping your patient through an infestation. |journal=Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=207–211 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.84a.15024 |pmid=28322676 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Symptoms may take between minutes to days to appear and [[Pruritus|itchiness]] is generally present.<ref name=Ib2017/> Some individuals may feel tired or have a [[fever]].<ref name=Ib2017/> Typically, uncovered areas of the body are affected.<ref name=Ib2017/> Their bites are not known to transmit any [[infectious disease]].<ref name=GP2009/><ref name=CDC2017Trans>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/bedbugs/faqs.html|title=Bed Bugs FAQs|date=2 May 2017|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-date=22 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922030210/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/bedbugs/faqs.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Parola" /> Complications may rarely include [[necrotic|areas of dead skin]] or [[vasculitis]].<ref name=Ib2017/>

<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
Bed bug bites are caused primarily by two species of insects: ''[[Cimex lectularius]]'' (the common bed bug) and ''[[Cimex hemipterus]]'', found primarily in the tropics.<ref name=JAMA2009>{{cite journal |author1=Jerome Goddard |author2=Richard deShazo |year=2009 |title=Bed bugs (''Cimex lectularius'') and clinical consequences of their bites |journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association]] |volume=301 |issue=13 |pages=1358–1366 |doi=10.1001/jama.2009.405 |pmid=19336711|doi-access=free }}</ref> Their size ranges between 1 and 7&nbsp;mm.<ref name=CDC2017Trans/> They spread by crawling between nearby locations or by being carried within personal items.<ref name=Ib2017/> [[Infestation]] is rarely due to a lack of [[hygiene]] but is more common in high-density areas.<ref name=Ib2017/><ref name=Hild2009>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hildreth CJ, Burke AE, Glass RM |title=JAMA patient page. Bed bugs |journal=JAMA |volume=301 |issue=13 |pages=1398 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19336718 |doi=10.1001/jama.301.13.1398 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Diagnosis involves both finding the bugs and the occurrence of compatible symptoms.<ref name=GP2009/> Bed bugs spend much of their time in dark, hidden locations like mattress seams, or cracks in a wall.<ref name=Ib2017/>

<!-- Treatment -->
Treatment is [[symptomatic treatment|directed towards the symptoms]].<ref name=Ib2017/> Eliminating bed bugs from the home is often difficult, partly because bed bugs can survive up to approximately 300 days without feeding.<ref name=Dog2012 /><ref name="Parola" /> Repeated treatments of a home may be required.<ref name=Ib2017/> These treatments may include heating the room to {{convert|50|C|F}} for more than 90 minutes, frequent [[Vacuum cleaner|vacuuming]], washing clothing at high temperatures, and the use of various [[pesticide]]s.<ref name=Ib2017/>

<!-- Epidemiology and history -->
Fossils found in Egypt show bed bugs have been known as human parasites for at least 3,500 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Panagiotakopulu |first1=Eva |last2=Buckland |first2=Paul C. |date=December 1999 |title=Cimex lectularius L., the common bed bug from Pharaonic Egypt |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=73 |issue=282 |pages=908–911 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00065674 |s2cid=162701508 |issn=0003-598X}}</ref> Despite being nearly eradicated in developed countries after [[World War II]], infestations have increased since the 1990s and bed bugs are now relatively common in all regions of the globe.<ref name=CDC2017Trans/><ref name=JAMA2009/><ref name=Kolb2009>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kolb A, Needham GR, Neyman KM, High WA |title=Bedbugs |journal=Dermatol Ther |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=347–52 |year=2009 |pmid=19580578 |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01246.x |s2cid=221648188 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Dog2012>{{cite journal |last1=Doggett |first1=SL |last2=Dwyer |first2=DE |last3=Peñas |first3=PF |last4=Russell |first4=RC |title=Bed bugs: clinical relevance and control options. |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=January 2012 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=164–92 |doi=10.1128/CMR.05015-11 |pmid=22232375|pmc=3255965 }}</ref> Experts point to several factors that have contributed to the explosion in infestations over the last three decades: increased immigration and international travel; expanded markets for second-hand goods; a greater focus on control of other pests; the banning of certain pesticides and increased [[resistance to pesticides]] still in use.<ref name=Kolb2009/><ref name="Jacobs">{{cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Andrew |date=2005-11-27 |title=Just Try to Sleep Tight. The Bedbugs Are Back. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/27/nyregion/just-try-to-sleep-tight-the-bedbugs-are-back.html |access-date=2023-12-27 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227235732/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/27/nyregion/just-try-to-sleep-tight-the-bedbugs-are-back.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MDPI">{{cite journal |last1=Akhoundi |first1=Mohammad |last2=Zumelzu |first2=Coralie |last3=Sereno |first3=Denis |last4=Marteau |first4=Anthony |last5=Brun |first5=Sophie |last6=Jan |first6=Julie |last7=Izri |first7=Arezki |date=2023-07-05 |title=Bed Bugs (Hemiptera, Cimicidae): A Global Challenge for Public Health and Control Management |journal=Diagnostics |language=en |volume=13 |issue=13 |pages=2281 |doi=10.3390/diagnostics13132281 |doi-access=free |issn=2075-4418 |pmc=10340649 |pmid=37443675}}</ref>
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